In collaboration with Payame Noor University and Iran Neuropsychology Association

Document Type : Original article

Authors

Abstract

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of neurofeedback and mental imagery practice on the performance and learning in darts skill. Methods: To achieve this aim, the right-handed, female students of physical education at Urmia University, who had no history of neurofeedback training, mental imagery and darts throwing, 24 individuals were randomly selected and were randomly divided into three groups of 8 people for mental imagery, neurofeedback and control groups. Exercise protocol was done 3 times a week for 5 weeks was and then post-test was performed. Retention test was performed 5 days after the last training session. Findings: Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures revealed that although the participants, performance progressed in the acquisition of both mental imagery and neurofeedback, no significant difference was found between the experimental groups at this stage. On the other hand, the main effect of the test processes was significant in this study but the main effect and interaction of the test group and control group was not significant statistically. Conclusion: Regarding the findings of this study, the role of mental imagery and neurofeedback receives more attention and their use is recommended along with physical exercises for darts throwing.

Keywords

 
آهولا آ. و براد ه (1373). «روانشناسی ورزشی با رویکرد روانی اجتماعی». مترجمان: فلاحی رضا، حاجیلو محسن. تهران: انتشارات؛ سازمان تربیت‌بدنی، معاونت امور فرهنگی؛ کمیته ملی المپیک. ص 59ـ68.##اسکندر نژاد، م (1389). «تأثیر آموزش نوروفیدبک بر تغییرات الکتروانسفالوگرافیک و عملکرد تیر و کمان­کاران مبتدی». رساله دکتری رشته تربیت‌بدنی و علوم ورزشی. تهران: دانشگاه شهید بهشتی؛ ص. 81ـ89.##مالتز، م (1372). «روانشناسی تصویر ذهنی». مترجم: مهدی قره چه داغی. تهران: انتشارات شباهنگ. ص. 39ـ42.##
 
 
 
Bailey, S.; Hall, E.; Folger, S. & Miller, P. (2008). "Change in EEG during graded exerciseon a recumbent cycle ergometer". Journal of sports science and medicine; 7: p. 505-511.##Barnea, A.; Rassis, A.; Raz, A.; Othmer S. & Zaidel E. (2004). "Effects of neurofeedback on hemispheric attention networks". Brain and Cognition; 10: p. 8-13.##Blair, A.; Hall, C. & Leyshon, G. (1993). "Imagery effects on the performance of skilled and novice soccer players". J of Sports, Sci; 11: p. 95-101.##Blumenstein, B. & Bar-Eli, M. (2002). "Tenenbaum. Gershon. Brain and body in sport and exercise: Biofeedback application in performance enhancement". John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. P. 10-12, 18-21, 37-74.##Brouziyne, M. & Molinaro, C. (2005). "Mental imagery combined with physical practice of approach shots for golf beginners". Percept mot skill; 101: p. 203-211.##Chung, H. Ch.; Kim, J.; Jang, Y & Choi, E. K. (2001). "Effects of Concentration Training with Brainwave". The Sun Journal of Education Research; 11: p. 95-103.##Decety, J. et al. (1994). "Mapping motor representation with PET Nature". 371: 600-602.##Deschumes – Molinaro, C.; Dittmar, A. & Vernet- Maury, E. (1992). "Autonomic nervous system response patterns correlate with mental imagery". Physiol.Behave Behav. Brain; Res, 51: p. 1021-1027.##Domigues C.A, Machado S, Cavaleiro E G, Furtado V, Cagy M, Ribiro P, piedade R. (2008). "Alpha absolute power, motor learning of practical pistol shooting". Arqneuropsiquiatr; 66: p. 336-340.##Egner, T. & Gruzelier, J. H. (2004). "EEG biofeedback of low beta band components: frequency specific effects on variables of attention and event-related brain potentials". Clinical neurophysiology; 115: p. 131-139.##Egner, T.; Strawson, E. & Gruzelier, J. H. (2002). "EEG signature and phenomenology of alpha/theta neurofeedback training versus mock feedback". Apply Psychophysiology Biofeedback; 27: p. 261-270.##Epstein, M. L. (1980). "The relationship of mental imagery and mental rehearsal on performance of a motor task". Journal of Sport Psychology; 2: p. 211-220.##Ganis, G.; Thompson, W. L. & Kosslyn, S. M. (2004). "Brain areas underlying visual mental imagery and visual perception: An fMRI study". Cognitive Brain Research; 20. P. 226-40.##Gruzelier, J. & Tobias E. (2005). "Critical validation studies of neurofeedback: Child adolescence". Psychiatric clinic; 14: p. 83-104.##Gualberto, J. C. (2002). "The effects of imagery perspective as a function of skill level on alpha activity: International". Journal of Psychophysiology; 43: p. 261-271.##Hall, E. G. & Erffmeyer, E. S. (1983). "The effect of visuo - motor behavior rehearsal with videotaped modeling on free throw accuracy of inter collegiate female basketball players". Journal of Sport Psychology; 5: p. 343-346.##Hammond D.C. (2007). "Neurofeedback for the enhancement of athletic performance and physical balance". The journal of the American board of sport psychology. 38: p. 61-72.##Keil, D.; Holmes, P.; Bennet, S.; Davids K. & Smith, N. (2000). "Theory and practice in sport psychology and motor behavior". Journal of Sports Sciences; 18, p. 40-43.##Kolonay, B. J. (1977). "The effect of visio-motor behavior rehearsal on athletic performance. Unpublished master's thesis". City Universiyt of New York; Hunter College. P. 138-142.##Lee, K. H. (2009). "Evaluation of Attention and Relaxation Levels of Archers in Shooting Process using Brain Wave Signal Analysis Algorithms". NeuroSky Inc; 12: p. 341-350.##Lois, M.; Guillot, A.; Maton, S.; Doyon J. & Collet, C. (2008). "Effect of imagined movement speed on subsequent motor performance". Journal of motor behavior; P. 126-131.##Lutz, S. R. (2003). "Convert muscle excitation is outflow from the central generation of motor imagery". P.O.BOX 97313 waco USA; TX.76798-7313.##Martens, R. (1982). "Imagery in sport: Paper presented at the Medical and Scientific Aspects of Elitism in Sport Conference". Brisbane. Australia. P. 301-321.##Martin Kathleen. A.; Moritz Sandra, E.; Hall. & Craig, R. (1995). "Imagery use in sport: A literature review and applied model". The Sport Psychologist; Vol 13 (3). Sep 1991. P. 245-268.##Meyers, A. W.; Cooke, C. J. & Liles, L. (1979). "Psychological aspects of athletic compet itors: A replication across Sport". Cognitive Therapy and Rrsearch; 3: p. 361-366.##Minas, S. (1980). "Acquisition of a motor skill following guided mental and physical practice". Journal of Human Movement Studies; 6: p. 127-141.##Nada, P. J. & Demerdzieva, A. (2010). "Biofeedback Training for Peak Performance in Sport - Case Study". Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 15: p. 113-118.##Peniston, E. G.; Eugene G. & Kulkosky P.J. (1989). "Alpha-theta brainwave training and beta-endrophin levels in alcoholics". Alcohol clin exp res; 13: p. 271-279.##Raymond, J.; Varney, C.; Parkinson, L A. & Gruzelier, J. H. (2005). "The effects of alpha/theta neurofeedback on personality and mood". Cognitive brain research; 23: p. 287-292.##Raymond, J.; Sajid, I.; Lesley, A. P. & Gruzelier, J. H. (2005). "Biofeedback and dance performance: A Preliminary investigation". Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback; 30, 1: p. 28-34.##Sackett, R. S. (1934). "The Infduences of Symbolic Rehearsal upon the Retention of a Maze Habit". Journal of General Psychology; 13: p. 113-128.##Strack, B.; Linden, M. & Wilson, V. S. (2011). "Biofeedback and neurofeedback application in sport psychology". ISBN; p. 34-39.##Vernon, D. J. (2005). "Can neurofeedback training enhance performance? An evaluation of evidence with implications for future research". Applied Psychophysiology and biofeedback journal; 30: p. 347-364.##Vernon, D.; Egner, T.; Cooper, N.; Compton, T.; Neilands, C.; Sheri A. & Gruzelier J. (2003). "The effect of training distinct neurofeedback protocols on aspects of cognitive performance". Int J Psychophysiol; 47: p. 75- 85.##Weinberg, C. (2010). "Does imagery work? Effects on performance and mental skills". Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity; 3: p. 1-21.##Wilson, V. E.; Peper, E. & Schmit A. (2006). "Strategies for training concentration: In J.Williams (Ed)". Applied Sports Psychology; 102: p. 404-422.##Wilson, V. ., (2001). "Gunkelman J. Neurofeedback in sport". Biofeedback; 29(1): p. 16-18.##