In collaboration with Payame Noor University and Iran Neuropsychology Association

Document Type : Original article

Author

Abstract

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare three groups of women with MS comorbid with, and without depression, and normal women. Method: This study was a causal-comparative research design. Among women who have referred to the MS Society in Markazi Province, 24 women comorbid with depression were diagnosed through the Beck Depression Inventory and Structured Clinical Interview for Depression (SCID). Furthermore, they were screened after the consideration of inclusion criteria. In addition,  a group of patients with multiple sclerosis without depression symptoms among screened women who did not  show depression symptoms were selected. Finally, a group of normal women based on inclusion and exclusion criteria was chosen. Stroop test, Tower of London test and Digit span were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using multivariate statistical analysis (MANOVA). Findings: The study showed that women who suffered from MS and depression in the same time had a weaker performance in Stroop test, Tower of London test and Digit span rather than two other groups. Also, this study showed significant difference in terms of performance tests between women with multiple sclerosis without depression symptoms and normal group. Conclusion: The findings indicated that in addition to the difference in executive functions in MS patients compared to normal subjects, depression can intensify this difference. Due to this effect, paying attention to depression in the design of treatment is recommended.

Keywords

عابدینی، م.؛ حبیبی ساروی، ر.؛ زروانی، ا. و فرهمند، م (۱۳۸۷). «اپیدمیولوژی بیماری مولتیپل اسکلروزیس در استان مازندران در سال ۱۳۸۶ (گزارش کوتاه)». مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران. ۱۸ (۶۶):۸۲-۸۶
 
علی­پور، ف.؛ مرادی، ع. و حسنی، ج (۱۳۹۴). «اثربخشی درمان اجتماع مدار بر کارکردهای اجرایی و حافظه شرح‌حال در افراد دارای اعتیاد به مواد محرک». فصلنامه اعتیاد پژوهی سوءمصرف مواد. ۹ (۳۵): ۳۸-۵۶.
 
نجاتی، و. و علی پور، ف (۱۳۹۵). «خصوصیات روان‌سنجی ابزارهای فراخنای عدد، کلمه و ناکلمه و مقایسه آن‌ها در سنجش حافظه کاری». فصلنامه روان­شناسی کاربردی. ۱۰(۳۷): ۸۴-۷۳.
 
 
 
Aldrete Cortez, V. R.; Duriez-Sotelo, E.; Carrillo-Mora, P. & Pérez-Zuno, J. A. (2013). "Correlation between demyelinating lesions and executive function decline in a sample of Mexican patients with multiple sclerosis". Neurología (English Edition), 28(7), 394-399. doi:http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nrleng.2012.10.002
 
Alipour, F.; Hasani, J.; Oshrieh, V. & Saeedpour, S. (2015). "Brain-Behavioral Systems and Psychological Distress in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus A Comparative Study". Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 1(2), 20-29.
 
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). "Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Fifth Edition (DSM-5)". Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
 
Arnett, P. A.; Higginson, C. I. & Randolph, J. J. (2001). "Depression in multiple sclerosis: relationship to planning ability". J Int Neuropsychol Soc, 7(6), 665-674.
 
Arnett, P. A.; Higginson, C. I.; Voss, W. D.; Bender, W. I.; Wurst, J. M. & Tippin, J. M. (1999). "Depression in multiple sclerosis: relationship to working memory capacity". Neuropsychology, 13(4), 546-556.
 
Arnett, P. A.; Higginson, C. I.; Voss, W. D.; Wright, B.; Bender, W. I.; Wurst, J. M. & Tippin, J. M. (1999). "Depressed mood in multiple sclerosis: relationship to capacity-demanding memory and attentional functioning". Neuropsychology, 13(3), 434-446.
 
Barbora, P.; Miroslav, V.; Adela, P.; Lucia, G.; Alexandra, G.; Natasa, H.; Daniela, J. & et. al (2016), "Early cognitive impairment along with decreased BDNF in male and female patients with newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis". Journal of Neuroimmunology. 49, 40-45. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.11.007
 
Bartova, L.; Meyer, B. M.; Diers, K.; Rabl, U.; Scharinger, C.; Popovic, A. & Pezawas, L. (2015). "Reduced default mode network suppression during a working memory task in remitted major depression". Journal of Psychiatric Research, 64, 9-18.
 
Benedict, R. H.; Cookfair, D.; Gavett, R.; Gunther, M.; Munschauer, F.; Garg, N.; & Weinstock-Guttman, B. (2006). "Validity of the minimal assessment of cognitive function in multiple sclerosis (MACFIMS)". J Int Neuropsychol Soc, 12(4), 549-558.
 
Bobb Jr, D. S.; Adinoff, B.; Laken, S. J.; McClintock, S. M.; Rubia, K.; Huang, H.W. & Kozel, F. A. (2012). "Neural Correlates of Successful Response Inhibition in Unmedicated Patients with Late-Life Depression". The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20(12), 1057-1069.
 
Christopher, G. & MacDonald, J. (2005). "The impact of clinical depression on working memory". Cogn Neuropsychiatry, 10(5), 379-399.
 
Clough, M.; Millist, L.; Lizak, N.; Beh, S.; Frohman, T. C.; Frohman, E. M. … & Fielding, J. (2015). "Ocular motor measures of cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis I: inhibitory control". J neurol, 262(5), 1130-1137. doi:10.1007/s00415-015-7645-3
 
Dagenais, E.; Rouleau, I.; Tremblay, A.; Demers, M.; Roger, É. Jobin; C. & Duquette, P. (2016). "Prospective memory in multiple sclerosis: The impact of cue distinctiveness and executive functioning". Brain and Cognition, 109, 66-74.
 
DeLuca, J.; Chelune, G. J.; Tulsky, D. S.; Lengenfelder, J. & Chiaravalloti, N. D. (2004). "Is speed of processing or working memory the primary information processing deficit in multiple sclerosis"? J Clin Exp Neuropsychol, 26(4), 550-562. doi:10.1080/13803390490496641
Feinstein, A. (2004). "The neuropsychiatry of multiple sclerosis". Can J Psychiatry, 49(3), 157-163.
 
Fiest, K. M.; Walker, J. R.; Bernstein, C. N.; Graff, L. A.; Zarychanski, R.; Abou-Setta, A. M.; … & Marrie, R. A. (2016). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions for depression and anxiety in persons with multiple sclerosis". Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 5, 12-26. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.msard.2015.10.004
 
Fiest, K. M.; Walker, J. R.; Bernstein, C. N.; Graff, L. A.; Zarychanski, R.; Abou-Setta, A. M.; ... & Marrie, R. A. (2016). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions for depression and anxiety in persons with multiple sclerosis". Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 5, 12-26.
 
Flavia, M.; Stampatori, C.; Zanotti, D.; Parrinello, G. & Capra, R. (2010). "Efficacy and specificity of intensive cognitive rehabilitation of attention and executive functions in multiple sclerosis". Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 288(1–2), 101-105.
 
Foong, J.; Rozewicz, L.; Quaghebeur, G.; Davie, C. A.; Kartsounis, L. D.; Thompson, A. J.; … & Ron, M. A. (1997). "Executive function in multiple sclerosis. The role of frontal lobe pathology". Brain, 120 (Pt 1), 15-26.
 
Gazzaley, A. (2011). "Influence of early attentional modulation on working memory". Neuropsychologia, 49(6), 1410-1424. doi:10.1016/j. neuropsychologia.2010.12.022
 
Gunzler, D. D.; Morris, N.; Perzynski, A.; Ontaneda, D.; Briggs, F.; Miller, D. & Bermel, R. A. (2016). "Heterogeneous depression trajectories in multiple sclerosis patients". Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 9, 163-169. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2016.08.004
 
Halliga, P.w.; kischka, U. & Marshal, J.C. (2003). Handbook of clinical neuropsychology (PP.302-318). New Youk: Oxford University Press Inc.
 
Hampson, E.; Phillips, S.-D.; Duff-Canning, S. J.; Evans, K. L.; Merrill, M.; Pinsonneault, J. K. & Steiner, M. (2015). "Working memory in pregnant women: Relation to estrogen and antepartum depression". Hormones and Behavior, 74, 218-227.
 
Kanagaratnam, P. & Asbjornsen, A., (2007). "Executive deficits in chronic PTSD related to political violence". Journal of Anxiety Disorders 21,510-525.
 
Katz, R.; De Sanctis, P.; Mahoney, J. R.; Sehatpour, P.; Murphy, C. F.; Gomez-Ramirez, M. & Foxe, J. J. (2010). "Cognitive control in late-life depression: response inhibition deficits and dysfunction of the anterior cingulate cortex". Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 18(11), 1017-1025.
 
Kollndorfer, K.; Krajnik, J.; Woitek, R.; Freiherr, J.; Prayer, D. & Schöpf, V. (2013). "Altered likelihood of brain activation in attention and working memory networks in patients with multiple sclerosis: An ALE meta-analysis". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(10, Part 2), 2699-2708.
 
Lengenfelder, J.; Bryant, D.; Diamond, B. J.; Kalmar, J. H. & Moore, N. B. (2006). "Processing speed interacts with working memory efficiency in multiple sclerosis". Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21(3), 229-238. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.acn.2005.12.001
 
Lezak, M.D.; Howieson, D.B. & Loring, D.W. (Eds.). (2004). Neuropsychological Assessment (4th Ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
 
Mashhadi, A.; Rasoulzadeh-Tabatabaie, K.; Azadfallah, P. & Soltanifar, A. (2009). "The Comparison of Response Inhibition and Interference Control in ADHD and Normal Children". Journal of Clinical psychology, 1(2), 0-0.
 
Mattioli, F.; Stampatori, C.; Scarpazza, C.; Parrinello, G. & Capra, R. (2012). "Persistence of the effects of attention and executive functions intensive rehabilitation in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis". Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 1(4), 168-173.
 
McGuigan, C. & Hutchinson, M. (2006). "Unrecognised symptoms of depression in a community-based population with multiple sclerosis". J neurol, 253(2), 219-223. doi:10.1007/ s00415-005-0963-0
 
Meyn, H.; Kraemer, M.; de Greiff, A. & Diehl, R. R. (2010). "Activation of working memory in patients at the earliest stage of multiple sclerosis-An fMRI study". Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 112(6), 490-495.
 
Mitsonis, C. I.; Potagas, C.; Zervas, I. & Sfagos, K. (2009). "The effects of stressful life events on the course of multiple sclerosis: a review". Int J Neurosci, 119(3), 315-335.
 
Moradi, A. R.; Miraghaei, M. A.; Parhon, H.; Jabbari, H. & Jobson, L. (2013). "Posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, executive functioning, and autobiographical remembering in individuals with HIV and in carers of those with HIV in Iran". AIDS Care, 25(3), 281-288.
 
Moradi, A. R.; Moshirpanahi, S.; Parhon, H.; Mirzaei, J.; Dalgleish, T. & Jobson, L. (2014). "A pilot randomized controlled trial investigating the efficacy of MEmory Specificity Training in improving symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder". Behav Res Ther, 56, 68-74.
 
Owens, E. M.; Denney, D. R. & Lynch, S. G. (2013). "Difficulties in planning among patients with multiple sclerosis: a relative consequence of deficits in information processing speed". J Int Neuropsychol Soc, 19(5), 613-620.
 
Parmenter, B. A.; Zivadinov, R.; Kerenyi, L.; Gavett, R.; Weinstock-Guttman, B.; Dwyer, M. G.; ... & Benedict, R. H. (2007). "Validity of the Wisconsin Card Sorting and Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (DKEFS) Sorting Tests in multiple sclerosis". J Clin Exp Neuropsychol, 29(2), 215-223.
 
Pepping, M. & Ehde, D. M. (2005). "Neuropsychological Evaluation and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: The Importance of a Neuro-rehabilitation Focus". Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 16(2), 411-436.
 
Ray Li, C. S. (2015). Response Inhibition A2 - Toga, Arthur W Brain Mapping (pp. 303-317). Waltham: Academic Press.
 
Rock, P.L.; Roiser, J.P.; Riedel, W.J. & Blackwell, A.D. (2014). "Cognitive impairment in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Psychol. Med., 44, 2029-2040.
 
Sandroff, B. M.; Hillman, C. H. & Motl, R. W. (2015). "Aerobic fitness is associated with inhibitory control in persons with multiple sclerosis". Arch Clin Neuropsychol, 30(4), 329-340. doi:10.1093/arclin/acv022
 
Sandroff, B. M.; Hillman, C. H.; Benedict, R. H. B. & Motl, R. W. (2016). "Acute effects of varying intensities of treadmill walking exercise on inhibitory control in persons with multiple sclerosis: A pilot investigation". Physiology & Behavior, 154, 20-27. 008.
 
Siegert, R. J. & Abernethy, D. A. (2005). "Depression in multiple sclerosis: a review". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 76(4), 469-475. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.054635.
 
Westerberg, H. (2004). Working Memory: Development, Disorders and Training, Sweden, thesis for doctoral degree (Ph.D). Karolinska University of Stockholm.