In collaboration with Payame Noor University and Iran Neuropsychology Association

Document Type : Original article

Authors

Abstract

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the activity of brainal behavioral systems in patients with eating disorder and addiction and normal people. Method: This was a descriptive correlational-causative study. The statistical population included all people with eating disorder who referred to counseling centers as well as all addicted individuals who referred to counseling centers and Narcotics Anonymous in Arak city in the second half of 1395. Among them three groups of 32 individuals, including patients with bulimia, drug addiction and normal were selected through purposive sampling method and with respect to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Gurmally overeating scales and Jacsons's five-factor Inventory were applied to collect data. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics including MANOVA and Tuke test. Findings: The results of data analysis indicated that groups with overeating and addiction in activation and freezing system, are not significantly different from each other. Conclusions: Behavioral activation system and freezing are trans diagnosis processes in addiction and eating disorders which have critical roles in the creation and persistence of the disorder.

Keywords

آزادفلاح، پ.؛ اوژند، ح و رسول زاده، ک (۱۳۹۵). «بررسی نقش سیستم­های مغزی رفتاری با عود اعتیاد». پژوهش در پزشکی، ۴۰ (۲): ۵۴-۵۷.
 
حسنی، ج.؛ صالحی، س و رسولی آزاد، م (1391). «خصوصیات روان‌سنجی پرسش‌نامه پنج عاملی جکسون: مقیاس‌های نظریه تجدیدنظر شده حساسیت به تقویت». فصلنامه پژوهش در سلامت روان‌شناختی، 6(3): 60-73.
 
علی مرادی، ع (۱۳۹۰). «مقایسه فعالیت سیستم‌های مغزی رفتاری و سلامت روان در افراد معتاد وابسته به مواد مخدر و افراد بهنجار». اصول بهداشت روانی، ۱ (۱۳): ۳۰۴-۳۱۴
 
مالکی، ا و خادمی، ع (۱۳۹۳). «مقایسه سیستم‌های مغزی ـ رفتاری (BAS/BIS) در افراد وابسته به مواد و بهنجار». زب انتظامی، ۳ (۲): ۶۷-۷۶.
 
محمدی، ی و پورمجیدی، ع (۱۳۹۵). «مقایسه سرعت یادگیری و انتقال اطلاعات در نیمکره‌های مغز بین افراد وابسته به مواد مخدر و افراد عادی در شهر تهران». فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی عصب روانشناسی، ۱ (۴): ۱۰۳-۱۱۲.
 
یارمحمدی واصل، م.؛ علی پور، ف.؛ بسطامی، مالک.؛ ذوالفقاری نیا، م و بزاززاده، ن (۱۳۹۴). «نقش واسطه‌ای تنظیم شناختی هیجان در رابطه بین سیستم‌های مغزی رفتاری و تکانش گری با ولع مصرف در اعتیاد به مواد محرک». فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی عصب روانشناسی، ۱ (۲): ۵۱-۶۷.
 
Baumann, M.R., Oviatt, D., Garza, R. T., Gonzalez-Blanks, A. G., Lopez, S.G., Alexander-Delpech, P. … & Hale, W. J. (2014). "Variation in BAS–BIS profiles across categories of cigarette use". Addictive Behaviors, 39 (10), 1477-1483. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.05.028
 
Blum, K., Braverman, E. R., Holder, J.M., Lubar, J.F., Monastra, V.J., Miller, D. & Comings, D. E. (2000). "Reward deficiency syndrome: a biogenetic model for the diagnosis and treatment of impulsive, addictive, and compulsive behaviors". J Psychoactive Drugs, 3: 1-112.
 
Bremness, A. (2004). "Treating Attachment Disorders: From to Therapy". The Canadian Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Review13(2), 44-58.
 
Carrard, I., Crépin, C., Ceschi, G., Golay, A. & Van der Linden, M. (2012). "Relations between pure dietary and dietary-negative affect subtypes and impulsivity and reinforcement sensitivity in binge eating individuals". Eating Behaviors, 13(1), 13-19. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.10.004
 
Carver, C.S. & White, T.L. (1994). "Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319-333.
 
Claes, L., Vertommen, S., Smits, D. & Bijttebier, P. (2009). "Emotional reactivity and self-regulation in relation to personality disorders". Personality and Individual Differences, 47(8), 948-953. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.07.027
 
Corr, P.J. (2002). "Gray's reinforcement sensitivity: tests of the joint subsystems hypothesis of anxiety and impulsivity". Personality and Individual Differences, 33(4), 511-532. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S0191-8869(01)00170-2
 
Corr, P.J. (2008). Reinforcement Sensitivity (RST): introduction. In P. J. Corr (Ed.). The Reinforcement Sensitivity of Personality (pp. 1-43). Cambridge Cambridge University Press.
 
Cota, D., Tschop, M.H., Horvath, T.L. & Levine, A. S. (2006). "Cannabinoids, opioids and eating behavior: the molecular face of hedonism"? Brain Res Rev, 51(1), 85-107. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005. 10.004
 
Davis, C. & Carter, J.C. (2009). "Compulsive overeating as an addiction disorder". A review of and evidence. Appetite, 53(1): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2009.05.018.
 
Davis, C. (2013). "Compulsive overeating as an addictive behavior: Overlap between food addiction and binge eating disorder". Current Obesity Reports, 2(2), 171–178.
 
Dezhkam, M., Moloodi, R., Mootabi, F. & Omidvar, N. (2009). "Standardization of binge eating scale among Iranian obese population". Tehran; 9th Annual Conference of Iranian Psychiatric Association, 2009.
 
Dissabandara, L.O., Loxton, N.J., Dias, S.R., Dodd, P.R., Daglish, M. & Stadlin, A. (2014). "Dependent heroin use and associated risky behaviour: The role of rash impulsiveness and reward sensitivity". Addictive Behaviors, 39(1), 71–76.
 
Eichen, D.M., Chen, E.Y., Schmitz, M.F., Arlt, J. & McCloskey, M. S. (2016). "Addiction vulnerability and binge eating in women: Exploring reward sensitivity, affect regulation, impulsivity & weight/shape concerns". Personality and Individual Differences, 100: 16-22. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid. 2016.03.084
 
Franken, I.H.A. (2002). "Behavioral approach system (BAS) sensitivity predicts alcohol craving". Personality and Individual Differences, 32(2): 349-355. doi:http://doi.org/10.1016/ S0191-8869 (01)00030-7
 
Franken, I.H.A. & Muris, P. (2006). "BIS/BAS personality characteristics and college students’ substance use". Personality and Individual Differences, 40(7), 1497-1503. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.12.005
 
Franken, I.H.A., Muris, P. & Georgieva, I. (2006). "Gray's model of personality and addiction". Addictive Behaviors, 31(3), 399-403. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh. 2005.05.022
 
Friedman, J.M. (2009). "Obesity: Causes and control of excess body fat". Nature, 459: 340-342
 
Gold, M.S., Frost-Pineda, K. & Jacobs, W.S. (2003). "Overeating, binge eating, and eating disorders as addictions". Psychiatric Annals, 33(2): 117-130.
 
Gray, J.A. & McNaughton, N. (2000). "The Neuropsychology of Anxiety" (2 Ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
 
Johnson, P.M. & Kenny, P.J. (2010b). "Dopamine D2 receptors in addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats". Nature Neuroscience, 13(5): 635–641. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1038/nn. 2519.
 
Kelley, A.E., Schiltz, C.A. & Landry, C.F. (2005). "Neural systems recruited by drug- and food-related cues: Studies of gene activation in corticolimbic regions". Physiology & Behavior, 86(1–2): 11-14. doi:http:// doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.06.018
 
Kim-Spoon, J., Deater-Deckard, K., Holmes, C., Lee, J., Chiu, P. & King-Casas, B. (2016). "Behavioral and neural inhibitory control moderates the effects of reward sensitivity on adolescent substance use". Neuropsychologia, 91, 318-326.
 
Koob, G.F. & Volkow, N.D. (2010). "Neurocircuitry of addiction". Neuropsychopharmacology, 35(1): 217–238
 
Lobstein, T., Baur, L. & Uauy, R. (2004). Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health. Obes Rev, 5 Suppl 1, 4-104. doi:10.1111/j.14677 89X.2004.00133.x
 
Milton, A.L. & Everitt, B.J. (2012). "The persistence of maladaptive memory: Addiction, drug memories and anti-relapse treatments". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(4), 1119-1139.
 
Moreira, F.A. & Dalley, J.W. (2015). "Dopamine receptor partial agonists and addiction". European Journal of Pharmacology, 752, 112-115. doi:http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.02.025
 
Myers, C.E., Sheynin, J., Balsdon, T., Luzardo, A., Beck, K.D., Hogarth, L ... & Moustafa, A.A. (2016). "Probabilistic reward- and punishment-based learning in opioid addiction: Experimental and computational data". Behavioural Brain Research, 296, 240-248. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2015.09.018
 
Reuter, J., Raedler, T., Rose, M., Hand, I., Glascher, J. & Buchel, C. (2005). "Pathological gambling is linked to reduced activation of the mesolimbic reward system". Nature Neuroscience, 8(2): 147–148. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1378.
 
Richardson, L., Wood, E., Montaner, J. & Kerr, T. (2012). "Addiction treatment-related employment barriers: The impact of methadone maintenance". Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 43(3), 276-284. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2011.12.008
 
Schienle, A., Schäfer, A., Hermann, A. & Vaitl, D. (2009). "Binge-Eating Disorder: Reward Sensitivity and Brain Activation to Images of Food". Biological Psychiatry, 65(8), 654-661. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.biopsych.2008.09.028
 
Smillie, L.D., Dalgleish, L.I. & Jackson, C. J. (2007). "Distinguishing between learning and motivation in behavioral tests of the reinforcement sensitivity of personality". Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 33(4), 476-489. doi:10.1177/014616 7206296951
 
Stevens, L., Verdejo-García, A., Roeyers, H., Goudriaan, A.E. & Vanderplasschen, W. (2015). "Delay discounting, treatment motivation and treatment retention among substance-dependent individuals attending an in inpatient detoxification program". Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 49: 58–64.
 
Stice, E., Marti, C.N. & Rohde, P. (2013). "Prevalence, incidence, impairment, and course of the proposed DSM-5 eating disorder diagnoses in an 8-year prospective community study of young women". Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(2), 445–457.
 
 Tapper, K., Baker, L., Jiga-Boy, G., Haddock, G. & Maio, G.R. (2015). "Sensitivity to reward and punishment: Associations with diet, alcohol consumption, and smoking". Personality and Individual Differences, 72(0). 78-84; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.025
 
Volkow Nora, D. & Morales, M. (2015). "The brain on drugs: From reward to addiction". Cell, 162(4): 712–725.
 
Voon, V.; Irvine, M. A.; Derbyshire, K.; Worbe, Y.; Lange, I.; Abbott, S.; … & Robbins, T. W. (2014). "Measuring “Waiting” Impulsivity in Substance Addictions and Binge Eating Disorder in a Novel Analogue of Rodent Serial Reaction Time Task". Biological Psychiatry, 75(2): 148-155. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.biopsych.2013.05.013
 
Wardell, J.D., Read, J.P., Colder, C.R. & Merrill, J.E. (2012). "Positive alcohol expectancies mediate the influence of the behavioral activation system on alcohol use: A prospective path analysis". Addictive Behaviors, 37(4): 435-443. doi:http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.12.004
 
Wilson, G.T., Wilfley, D.E., Agras, W.S. & Bryson, S.W. (2010). "Psychological treatments of binge eating disorder". Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(1), 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry .2009.170
 
Wilson, G.T., Wilfley, D.E., Agras, W.S. & Bryson, S.W. (2010). "Psychological treatments of binge eating disorder". Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(1): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.170