Document Type : Original article
Authors
1 PhD Student of Psychology, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor of Psychology, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
3 Associate Professor of Psychology, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
4 Assistant Professor of Psychology, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of present study was investigating effect of rTMS on improvement working memory and symptom of bipolar disorder in subjects. Method: To do so, 30bipolar disorder were selected among Tehran clinics’ clients using Purposeful sampling. For assessing working memory, N-back test was conducted by all subject For assessing bipolar symptoms, Beck Depression Inventory and Young Mania Inventory was conducted by all subjects. Subjects were divided into two groups; 15 subjects received rTMS and rest of them that is called control group didn’t receive it. Training sessions were conducted for 20 days; each day one session -20 minutes. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Findings: The results showed that effect of rTMS on working memory performance and bipolar symptoms improvemen thas been effective. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that rTMS can improve working memory performance and improve symptomsin subjects with bipolar disorder.
Keywords
ال سولسو، آر (1381). روانشناسی شناختی. ترجمه: فرهاد ماهر. تهران: انتشارات رشد.
اورکی، م.؛ رحمانیان، م.؛ ویسه تهرانی، ن (1393). «اثربخشی آموزش نوروفیدبک بر روی کاهش نشانه‌ها و بهبود عملکرد اجرایی کودکان مبتلا به بیش فعالی 6-11 سال شهر تهران». پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه پیام نور، استان تهران.
بختیاری، م (1379). «بررسی اختلالات روانی در مبتلایان به اختلال بدشکلی بدن». پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد، انیستیتو روان‌پزشکی تهران، 1379.
برکتیان، م.؛ توکلی، م.؛ مولوی، ه.؛ معروفی، م.؛ صالحی، م (1384). «استانداردسازی، پایایی و روایی مقیاس مانیای یانگ در ایران». مجله روانشناسی، 2: 150-166.
بهرامی، ه (1383). مبانی آزمون‌های روانی، تهران: دانشگاه علامه.
پیرمرادی، م.؛ دولتشاهی، ب.؛ رستمی، ر.؛ محمدخانی، پ.؛ دادخواه، ا (1391). «اثربخشی تحریک مکرر مغناطیسی از روی جمجمه در بهبودی بالینی و فرایند کاهش علائم در اختلال افسردگی اساسی عودکننده». مجله روانشناسی بالینی، شماره 4(16): 51-62.
دادستان، پ (1387). اختلال‌های زبان؛ روشهای تشخیصی و بازپروری (روانشناسی مرضی تحولی 3)، تهران: سمت.
سرمد، ز؛ بازرگان، ع.؛ حجازی، ا. (1389). روشهای تحقیق در علوم رفتاری. تهران: انتشارات آگاه.
قاسم‌زاده، ه.؛ مجتبایی، ر.؛ قدیری، و.؛ ابراهیم‌خانی، ن (1383). «ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی ورژن ایرانی پرسشنامه افسردگی بک ویراست دوم». افسردگی و اضطراب، 21(4): 185-192
کسائیان، ک.؛ کیامنش، ع.؛ بهرامی، ه (1392). «مقایسه عملکرد حافظه کاری و نگهداری توجه دانش آموزان با و بدون ناتوانیهای یادگیری». مجله ناتوانیهای یادگیری، دوره 3 شماره 4، 112-123.
نادری، ن (1373). «برسی اطلاعات و برخی از عملکردهای نوروپسیکولوژی مبتلایان به اختلال وسواس فکری ـ عملی». پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد روانشناسی بالینی، انیستیتو روان‌پزشکی تهران.
نجاتی و.؛ بهرامی، ه.؛ آبروان، م.؛ روبن زاده، ش.؛ مطیعی، ح (1392). «عملکردهای اجرایی و حافظه کاری در کودکان مبتلا به اختلال کم‌توجهی ـ بیش فعالی و سالم». مجله علمی پزشکی گرگان، دوره 15، شماره 13، 69-76.
نظری، ن.؛ آزاد فلاح، پ.؛ فتحی آشتیانی، ع.؛ عشایری، ح.؛ خدادادی، م (1390). «بررسی عملکرد حافظه کاری و برانگیختگی قشری پیشانی با توجه به رگه شخصیتی زودانگیختگی». مجله علوم رفتاری، دوره 5، شماره 4، 287-296.
هاشمی، م (1371). «هنجاریابی تصاویر درهم آندره ری در دانش آموزان 7-15 سال و بزرگ‌سال تهران». پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد، کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی.
یعقوی، ح.؛ نیکنام، ز.؛ دولتشاهی، ب.؛ خوشابی، ک.؛ جزایری، ع (1387). «مقایسه اثربخشی نوروفیدبک، ریتالین و درمان ترکیبی در کاهش علائم کودکان مبتلا به اختلال بیش فعالی / کمبود توجه». دانشور رفتار، دوره 15، شماره 31، 71-84.
Alfonso, J.P., Alfonso Caracuel, L.C. & Delgado-Pastor, A.V.G. (2011). "Combined goal management training and mindfulness meditation improve executive functions and decision-making performance in abstinent polysubstance abusers". Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 117: 78– 81.
American psychiatric association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-5.
Aminoff, S.R., Hellvin, T., Lagerberg, T.V., Berg, A.O., Andreassen, O.A. & Melle I. (2013). "Neurocognitivefeatures in subgroups of bipolar disorder". Bipolar Disord; 15(3):272e83.
Backman, A. & Truedsson, E. (2008). "Computerized working memory training in group and the effects of noise: a randomized pilot study with 7 to 9 year old children". No published Master Thesis. Supervisors: Magnus Lindgren & Sverker Sikström. Lund University. Sweden.
Basco, M.R., Bostic, J.Q. & Davies, D. (2000). "Methods to improve diagnostic accuracy in a community mental health setting". American Journal of Psychiatry; 157: 1599-1605.
Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A. & Brown G.K. (2000). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio; TX: Psychological Corporation.
Beck, A.T., Rush, A.J., Shaw, B.F. & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York; Guilford Press.
Beck, A.T. & Steer, R.A. (1988). "Garbin M.G. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory". Clin Psychol Rev; 8, 77-100.
Ben-Yishay, Y. (2000). "Foreword, Neuropsychol". Rehabil, 18, 513-521.
Brissos, S., Dias, V.V., Cartita, A.I. & Martinez-Aran, A. (2008). "Quality of life in bipolar type I disorder and schizophrenia in remission: Clinical and neurocognitive correlates". Psychiatry Research; 160: 55-62.
Brissos S., Dias V.V. & Kapczinski F. (2008). "Cognitive performance and quality of life in bipolar disorder". Can. J. Psychiat, 53, 517–524
Bora, E., Yucel, M. & Pantelis, C. (2009). "Cognitive endophenotypes of bipolar disorder: a metaanalysisof neuropsychological deficits in euthymic patients and their firstdegreerelatives". J Affect Disord; 113(1):1e20.
Camelo, E.V., Velasques, B., Ribeiro, P., Netto, T. & Cheniaux, E. (2013). "Attention impairment inbipolar disorder: a systematic review". Psychol Neurosci; 6(3):299e309.
Clementz, B.A., Sponheim, S.R., Iacono, W.G. & Beiser, M. (1994). "Resting EEG in first-episode schizophrenia patients, bipolar psychosis patients, and their first-degree relatives". Psychophysiology; 31: 486–494.
Deckersbach, T., Nierenberg, A.A., Kessler, R., Luno, H.E., Ametrano, R.M., Sachs, G., Rauch, S.L. & Dougherty, D. (2010). "Cognitive rehabilitation for bipolar disorder: An open trial for employed patients with residual depressive symptoms". CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 16, 298-307.
Dellasi, B. & Carlo, A.A. (2009). "Augmentative transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) combined with brain navigation in drug-resistant rapid cycling bipolar depression: A case report of acute and maintenance efficacy". The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry; 10(4): 673-676.
Dixon, T., Kravariti, E., Frith, C., Murray, R. & McGuire, P. (2004). "Effect of symptoms on executivefunction in bipolar illness". Psychol Med; 34(5):811e21.
El-Badri, S.M., Ashton, C.H., Moore, P.B., Marsh, V.R. & Ferier, I.N. (2001). "Electrophysiological and cognitive function in young euthymic patients with bipolar affective disorder". Bipolar Disord; 3:79–87.
Fennig, S., Craig, T., Lavelle, J., Kovasznay, B. & Bromet, E.J. (1994). "Best - estimate versus structured interview - based diagnosis in first - admission psychosis". Comprehensive psychiatry; 35: 341 - 348.
First, M., Spitzer, R., Gibbon, M. & Williams, J.B. (1994). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders - administration booklet. American Psychiatric Press: Washington.
Geddes, J.R. & Miklowitz, D.J. (2013). "Treatment of bipolar disorder". Lancet; 381(9878):1672e82.
George, M.S., Nahas, Z.A., Molloy, M.N., Speer, A.A., Oliver, N.C. & Arana, X.B. (2000). "A controlled trial of daily left prefrontal cortex TMS for treating depression". Neuroscience. Nov; 112(8): 373-382.
Gray, J.R., Chabris, C.F. & Braver, T.S. (2003). "Neural mechanisms of general fluid intelligence". Nature Neuroscience, 6, 316–322.
Green, M.J., Cahill, C.M. & Malhi, G.S. (2007). "The cognitive and neurophysiological basis of emotion dysregulation in bipolar disorder". Journal of Affective Disorder 103, 29-42.
Gualtieri, C.T. & Johnson, L.G. (2006). "Comparative neurocognitive effects of 5 psychotropicanticonvulsants and lithium". MedGenMed; 8(3):46.
Harrow, M., Goldberg, J.F., Grossman, L.S. & Meltzer, H.Z.Z. (1990). "Outcome in manic disorders: a naturalistic follow-up study". Arch Gen Psychiatry; 47: 665-671.
Harvey, P.D., Wingo, A.P., Burdick, K.E. & Baldessarini, R.J. (2010). "Cognition and disability in bipolar disorder: lessons from schizophrenia research". Bipolar Disord. 12, 364–375.
Jonides, J., Schumacher, E.H., Smith, E.E., Lauber, E.J., Awh, E., Minoshima, S. & Koeppe, R.A. (1997). "Verbalworking memory load affects regional brain activation as measured by PET". J Cogn Neurosci 9: 462–475.
Kane, M.J., Conway, A.R.A., Miura, T.K. & Colflesh, G.J.H. (2007). "Working memory, Attention Control and the N-back task: A question of construct validity". J Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition. 33. 615-622.
Keck, M.E. (2007). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation effects in vitro and in animal models. In: Marcolin MA, Padberg F. (editors). Transcranial brain stimulation for treatment of psychiatric disorders. Switzerland: Karger publishing; 18-34.
Kiyoko, W., Tatuya, O., Kousuko, N., Junri, H., Yoko, K., Satoshi, S. & Yoko, O. (2005). The Rey- Osterrieth Complex Figure as ameasure of executive function in childhood.
Leark, R.A., Greenberg, L.M., Kindschi, C.L., Dupuy, T.R. & Hughes, S.J. (2007). Professional Manual Test of Variables of Attention Continuous Performance Test (T.O.V.A), TOVA Company, Edition Number 410.
Levy, B., Stephansky, M.R., Dobie, K.C., Monzani, B.A., Medina, A.M. & Weiss, R.D. (2009). "The durationof inpatient admission predicts cognitive functioning at discharge in patientswith bipolar disorder". Compr Psychiatry; 50(4):322e6.
Lezak, M. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment. Oxford University Press: New York.
Li, X., Nahas, Z., Anderson, B., Kozel, F.A. & George, M.S. (2004). "Can left prefrontal rTMS be used as a maintenance treatment for bipolar depression"? Depress Anxiety 20:98_100.
Loo, C., Mitchel, P., Sachdev, P., McDarmont, B., Parker, G. & Gandevia, S. (1999). "Double-blind controlled investigation of transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of resistant major depression". Am J Psychiatry; 156: 946-8.
Loschiavo-Alvares F.Q. & Neves F.S. (2014). "Efficacy of Neuropsychological Rehabilitation Applied for Patients With Bipolar Disorder". Psychology Research, 779-791.
Loschiavo-Alvares F.Q., Yumi Nogueira Sediyama C., Silva Neves F., Corrêa H., Malloy-Diniz, L.F. & Bateman, A. (2013). "Neuropsychological Rehabilitation for Bipolar Disorder _ a Single Case Design". Translational Neuroscience, 4(1); 96-103.
Lubar, J.F. (2010). Neurofeedback for the Mangement of Attention Deficite Disorder, In M. S. Schwartz & F. Andrasik (Eds), Biofeedback: A Practitioner's Guide (3rd ed., Pp.409-437). New York: Guilford Press
MacQueen, G.M., Young, L.T. & Joffe, R.T. (2001). "A review of psychosocial outcome in patientswith bipolar disorder". Acta Psychiatr Scand; 103(3):163e70
Martinez-Aran, A., Vieta, E., Colom, F., Torrent, C., Sanchez-Moreno, J., Reinares, M., Benabarre, A., Goikolea, J.M., Brugue, E. & Daban, C. (2004). "Cognitive impairmentin euthymic bipolar patients: implications for clinical and functionaloutcome". Bipolar Disord, 6(3):224–232.
Martinez-Aran, A., Vieta, E., Colom, F., Torrent, C., Reinares, M., Goikolea, J.M., Benabarre, A., Comes, M. & Sanchez-Moreno, J. (2005). "Do cognitive complaints ineuthymic bipolar patients reflect objective cognitive impairment"? Psychother Psychosom, 74(5):295–302.
Martis, B., Alam, D., Dowd, S.M., Hill, S.K., Sharma, R.P., Rosen, C., Pliskin, N., Martinb, E., Carson, V. & Janicak, P.G. (2003). "Neurocognitive effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in severe major depression". Clinical Neurophysiology. (114) 1125–1132.
Matthies, S., Philipsen, A. & Svaldi, J. (2012). "Risky decision making in adults with ADHD". Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 43(3): 938-46.
McElree, B. (2001). "Working memory and ocal attention". J Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition. 27. 817-835.
Merikangas, K.R., Akiskal, H.S., Angst, J., Greenberg, P.E., Hirschfeld, R.M., Petukhova, M. & et al. (2007). "Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey replication". Arch Gen Psychiatry.
Nahas, Z., Molloy, M., Speer, A.M., Oliver, N.C., Li, X.B. & et al. (2000). "A controlled trial of daily left prefrontal cortex TMS for treating depression". Bio1 Psychiatry; 48: 962-70.
Phillips, M.L., Ladouceur, C.D. & Drevets, W.C. (2008). "A neural model of voluntary and automatice emotion regulation: implications for understanding the pathophy- and neurodevelopment of bipolar disorder". Molecular Psychiatry 13, 833-857.
Quraishi, S. & Frangou, S. (2002). "Neuropsychology of bipolar disorder: a review". J Affect Disord; 72(3):209e26.
Ragland, J.D., Turetsky, B.I., Gur, R.C., Gunning-Dixon, F., Turner, T., Schroeder, L., Chan, R. & Gur, R.E. (2002). "Working memory for complex figures: an fMRI comparison of letter and fractal n-back tasks". Neuropsychology 16: 370–379.
Robert, C. & James, R.E. (2011). Neurofeedback and Neuromodulation Techniques and applications, 6-443, Elsevier.
Spreen, O. & Strauss, E. (1991). A compendium of neuropsychological tests. Oxford University Press: New York.
Torrent, C., Bonnin, C.M., Martinez-Aran, A. & et al. (2013). "Efficacy of functional remediation in bipolar disorder: A multicenter randomized controlled study". Am. J. Psychiatry., AiA, 1-8.
Velasques, B., Bitten Court, J., Diniz, C., Teixeira, S., Basile, L.F., Ina´ cio Salles J., Novis, F., Ange´ lica Silveira, L., deAssisdaSilva, R., deLima Teixeira, A., Egidio Nardi, A., Akiskal H.S., Cagy, M., Piedade, R., Cheniaux, E., vio Kapczinki, F. & Ribeiro, P. (2013). "Changes in saccadic eye movement (SEM) and quantitative EEG parameter in bipolar patients". Journal of Affective Disorders (145), 378–385.
Wassermann, E.M. & Lisanby, S.H. (2001). "Therapeutic application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. A review". Clin Neuropsy. Feb; 112: 1367-1377.
Weber, D. Bernstein, J. & Merola, J. (1989). "Remembering the Rey- Osterreith ComplexFigure: A dual- code cognitiveneuropsychological model". Developmental Neuropsychology, 5, 1-15.
Wilson, B. (2005). Neuropsychological rehabilitation: theory and practice, Swits & Zeitlinger, Lisse, The Netherlands.
Wilson, B. (2004). Theoretical approaches to cognitive rehabilitation, In: Goldestein L.H., Mcneil J.E. (Eds.), Clinical neuropsychology: a practical guide to assessment and management for clinicians, Wiley, Chichester, UK,
Wilson Barbara, A. (2005). Neuropsychological rehabilitation: Theory and Practice, Cambridge, UK, Swets & zeitlinger publisher.
Youngstrom, E.A., Gracious, B.L., Danielson, C.K., Findling, R.L. & Calabrese, J. (2003). "Toward an integration of parent and clinician report on the Young mania rating scale". J Affect Disord; 77: 179-90.
)