In collaboration with Payame Noor University and Iran Neuropsychology Association

Document Type : Original article

Authors

1 Assistance Professor in Motor Behavior, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran.

2 M.A in Motor Behavior, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

3 Graduate student, in Motor Behavior, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction: The prevalence of Parkinson's disease in recent years, especially among elderly people, has increased. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks of core stability training on intrinsic motivation in Parkinson's disease. Methods: This was an experimental and field research with pre- post-test method and control group. 20 patients with aged between 55 to 75 years were selected through purposive sampling with mild to moderate disease and were randomly divided to two experimental and control groups. Hohen & Yahr (H&Y) index for assessing the severity and stage of disease were used. The experimental group participated in 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week of core stability training. Before and after the training, the pre- and post-test of intrinsic motivation questionnaire (McAuley et all, 1989) was used to assess. The mixed ANOVA test with repetitive measures in last factor was used. Findings: The findings related to intrinsic motivation (and subscales) index in Parkinson's disease showed that statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in favor of experimental group, such a way that the experimental group had more motivation score than the control group. Conclusion: Probably in this study, increased mobility experiences and also improve strength leading to increased intrinsic motivation (interest and enjoyment, perceived competence, effort).

Keywords

عسگری، م (1385). «توصیف و مقایسه انگیزش پیشرفت ورزشی دانشجویان دختر و پسر ورزشکار دانشگاه‌های سراسری». پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی.
واعظ موسوی، س.م.ک (1386). روانشناسی ورزشی. انتشارات سازمان مطالعه و تدوین کتب علوم انسانی دانشگاه‌ها.
 
Ashrafpoor Navaee, S. (2016). "The effect of normative feedback on balance control and Consistency of muscle function at variable task difficulty levels". The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine.
 
Ávila, L.T., Chiviacowsky, S., Wulf, G. & Lewthwaite, R. (2012). "Positive social-comparative feedback enhances motor learning in children". Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(6), 849-853.
 
Bambaeichi, E., Rahnama, N. & Mahmoudi, F. (2014). "The effect of combined training (balance and resistance) on balance, flexibility and motor function in patients with Parkinson". Journal of Sport Medicine Review, 5(14), 45-58.
 
Baptista, A.M., Beretta, V.S., Vitório, R., Arroyo, C.T., Lirani-Silva, E., Stella, F. & Barbieri, F.A. (2014). "Long duration exercise program in individuals with parkinson´s disease: effects on functional capacity". Austin Alzheimer s and Parkinson s Disease, 1-7.
 
De Rijk, M.C., Launer, L.J., Berger, K., Breteler, M.M.B., Dartigues, J.F., Baldereschi, M. & Trenkwalder, C. (2000). "Prevalence of Parkinson's disease in Europe: A collaborative study of". Neurology, 54(5), 21-23.
 
Friedman, J.H. (2009). "Fatigue in Parkinson’s disease patients". Current treatment options in neurology, 11(3), 186-190.
 
Giroux, M.L. (2007). "Parkinson disease: managing a complex, progressive disease at all stages". Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine, 74(5), 313.
 
Hagell, P. & Brundin, L. (2009). "Towards an understanding of fatigue in Parkinson disease". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 80(5), 489-492.
 
Hallett, M. (2002). "Parkinson revisited: pathophysiology of motor signs". Advances in neurology, 91, 19-28.
 
Hirsch, M.A., Toole, T., Maitland, C.G. & Rider, R.A. (2003). "The effects of balance training and high-intensity resistance training on persons with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease". Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 84(8), 1109-1117.
 
Kerr, J.H., Fujiyama, H., Wilson, G.V. & Nakamori, K. (2006). "The experience of a modern dance group: arousal, motivation, and self‐rated performance". Research in Dance Education, 7(2), 125-140.
Keus, S.H., Bloem, B.R., Hendriks, E. J., Bredero‐Cohen, A.B. & Munneke, M. (2007). "Evidence‐based analysis of physical therapy in Parkinson's disease with recommendations for practice and research". Movement disorders, 22(4), 451-460.
 
Khaliaji, H., Bahrami, A., Noroozian, M. & Mohammadzadeh, H.S. (2014). "The effect of physical activity on functional fitnes and quallity of life in people with parkinson’s disease".
 
Koka, A. & Hein, V. (2003). "Perceptions of teacher’s feedback and learning environment as predictors of intrinsic motivation in physical education". Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4(4), 333-346.
 
Lo, R.Y., Tanner, C.M., Albers, K.B., Leimpeter, A.D., Fross, R.D., Bernstein, A.L. ... & Van Den Eeden, S. K. (2009). "Clinical features in early Parkinson disease and survival". Archives of neurology, 66(11), 1353-1358.
 
MA, H. & Farley, B.G. (2009). "Exercise and neuroplasticity in persons living ith Parkinson’s disease". European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine.
 
McAuley, E., Duncan, T. & Tammen, V.V. (1989). "Psychometric properties of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory in a competitive sport setting: A confirmatory factor analysis". Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 60(1), 48-58.
 
Melzer, I., Benjuya, N. & Kaplanski, J. (2005). "Effect of physical training on postural control of elderly". Harefuah, 144(12), 839-44.
 
Mouratidis, A., Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W. & Sideridis, G. (2008). "The motivating role of positive feedback in sport and physical education: Evidence for a motivational model". Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 30(2), 240-268.
 
Navaee, S.A., Farsi, A. & Abdoli, B. (2016). "The effect of normative feedback on stability and efficacy of some selected muscles in a balancing task". International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology, 5(1), 43-52.
 
Nicaise, V., Bois, J.E., Fairclough, S.J., Amorose, A.J. & Cogérino, G. (2007). "Girls' and boys' perceptions of physical education teachers' feedback: Effects on performance and psychological responses". Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(8), 915-926.
 
Pavese, N., Metta, V., Bose, S.K., Chaudhuri, K.R. & Brooks, D.J. (2010). "Fatigue in Parkinson’s disease is linked to striatal and limbic serotonergic dysfunction". Brain, 133(11), 3434-3443.
 
Rodrigues de Paula, F., Teixeira‐ Salmela, L.F., Coelho de Morais Faria, C.D., Rocha de Brito, P. & Cardoso, F. (2006). "Impact of an exercise program on physical, emotional, and social aspects of quality of life of individuals with Parkinson's disease". Movement disorders, 21(8), 1073-1077.
 
Roeder, L., Costello, J.T., Smith, S.S., Stewart, I.B. & Kerr, G.K. (2015). "Effects of resistance training on measures of muscular strength in people with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis". PloS one, 10(7), e0132135.
 
Scandalis, T.A., Bosak, A., Berliner, J.C., Helman, L.L. & Wells, M.R. (2001). "Resistance training and gait function in patients with Parkinson’s disease". American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation, 80(1), 38-43.
 
Senko, C. & Harackiewicz, J.M. (2002). "Performance goals: The moderating roles of context and achievement orientation". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38(6), 603-610.
 
Sihvonen, S.E., Sipilä, S. & Era, P.A. (2004). "Changes in postural balance in frail elderly women during a 4-week visual feedback training: a randomized controlled trial". Gerontology, 50(2), 87-95.
 
Stoate, I., Wulf, G. & Lewthwaite, R. (2012). "Enhanced expectancies improve movement efficiency in runners". Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(8), 815-823.
 
Tillerson, J.L., Caudle, W.M., Reveron, M.E. & Miller, G. W. (2003). "Exercise induces behavioral recovery and attenuates neurochemical deficits in rodent models of Parkinson's disease". Neuroscience, 119(3), 899-911.
 
Tsai, C.H., Lo, S.K., See, L.C., Chen, H.Z., Chen, R.S., Weng, Y.H. ... & Lu, C.S. (2002). "Environmental risk factors of young onset Parkinson's disease: a case-control study". Clinical neurology and neurosurgery, 104(4), 328-333.
 
Viciana, J., Cervelló, E.M. & Ramírez-Lechuga, J. (2007). "Effect of manipulating positive and negative feedback on goal orientations, perceived motivational climate, satisfaction, task choice, perception of ability, and attitude toward physical education lessons". Perceptual and motor skills, 105(1), 67-82.
 
Wada, N., Sohmiya, M., Tazawa, M., Ibe, Y., Okamoto, K. & Shirakura, K. (2014). "Immediate positive effects of physical therapy on gait disturbance in patients with parkinson's disease". Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, 1(1), 5.
 
Weinberg, R.S. & Gould, D. (2014). Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6E. Human Kinetics.
 
West, R.L., Bagwell, D.K. & Dark-Freudeman, A. (2005). "Memory and goal setting: the response of older and younger adults to positive and objective feedback". Psychology and aging, 20(2), 195.
 
Wulf, G., Chiviacowsky, S. & Lewthwaite, R. (2012). "Altering mindset can enhance motor learning in older adults". Psychology and Aging, 27(1), 14.
 
Zenzola, A., Masi, G., Mari, M.D., Defazio, G., Livrea, P. & Lamberti, P. (2003). "Fatigue in Parkinson’s disease". Neurological Sciences, 24(3), 225-226.