In collaboration with Payame Noor University and Iran Neuropsychology Association

Document Type : Original article

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student of Motor Behavior, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Associate Professor of Motor Behavior, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.

3 Assistant Professor of Motor Behavior, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction: One of the most important goals of any athlete optimum performance during the competitions, but sometimes athlete’s performance suddenly destroyed under psychological pressure caused by competition. This study investigated the effect of neurofeedback and under pressure training on expert archers’ performance in competitive condition. Methods: participants were 30 adult healthy right hand expert female archer in Tehran that were selected by accessible method and after primary archery record in competitive condition and sameness were assigned randomly into three groups: neurofeedback and under pressure training and control. Training protocol was done 12 sessions at 4 weeks and after training was performed renewed record in competitive condition. Findings: The results of analysis of variance showed that the performance of participants at posttest both neurofeedback and under pressure group than control group progressed significantly (p= 0.003), the other at this stage despite was higher average’s record of under pressure training group, not seen significant difference between the neurofeedback and under pressure group. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, effects of neurofeedback training, particularly under pressure considered to promotion of expert archers performance and emphasized to use of these methods beside physical training to achieve better results in competitions.

Keywords

صالحی، م.؛ امینی، ح.؛ محمدزاده، ح (1394). «مقایسه تأثیر تمرینات نوروفیدبک و تصویرسازی ذهنی بر اکتساب و یادداری مهارت پرتاب دارت». فصلنامه عصب روانشناسی، 1(1): 103-86.
 
قاسمیان مقدم، م.؛ طاهری، ح (1393). «تأثیر دستورالعمل توجه بر عملکرد بازیکنان تنیس روی میز در موقعیت تحت‌فشار». رشد و یادگیری حرکتی، 6 (4): 491-475.
 
محمدزاده، ح.؛ نظری، م.؛ حیدری، م (1393). «تأثیر تمرینات نوروفیدبک بر تعادل پویای مردان جوان». رشد و یادگیری حرکتی، 6(4): 462-453.
 
محمدی، م طاهری، ح.؛ سهرابی، م (1395). «تأثیر یک دوره تمرینات نوروفیدبک بر قابلیت تشخیص خطا و عملکرد تیراندازان ماهر». پژوهش‌نامه مدیریت ورزشی و رفتار حرکتی، 12(23): 38-27.
 
معین، ف.؛ زاهدی، ح.؛ مشکاتی، ز (1393). «اثر کانون توجه مربوط و نامربوط و سطح مهارت بر دقت سرویس تنیسی والیبال تحت شرایط فشار روانی». رفتار حرکتی، 17: 105-118.
 
نظری، م.؛ اسکندرنژاد، م.؛ عبدلی، ب.؛ واعظ موسوی، م (1390). «تأثیر آموزش نوروفیدبک بر ویژگی‌های الکتروآنسفالوگرام و عملکرد در ورزش تیر و کمان». فصلنامه پژوهش‌های نوین روان‌شناختی، 6(22): 148-127.
 
Bailey, S., Hall, E., Folger, S. & Miller P. (2008). "Change in EEG during graded exercise on a recumbent cycle ergometer". Journal of sports science and medicine. Vol. 7: 505-511.
 
Baumeister, R.F. (1984). "Choking under pressure: Self–consciousness and paradoxical effects of incentives on skillful performance". J Pers SOC Psychol. Vol. 46 (3):610-20.
 
Baumeister, R.F. & Showers C.J. (1986). "A review of paradoxical performance effects: Choking under pressure in sports and mental test". Eur J Soc Psychol. Vol. 16 (4):361-83.
 
Beilock, S.L. & Holt L.E. (2007). "Embodied preference judgments. Can likeability be driven by the motor system"? Psychol Sci. Vol. 18 (1):51-7.
 
Cheong J.P.G., Lay B. & Razman R. (2016). "Investigating the Contextual Interference Effect Using Combination Sports Skills in Open and Closed Skill Environments". J Sports Sci Med. Vol. 15 (1):167–175.
 
Demos, J.N. (2005). Getting Started with Neurofeedback. W.W.Norton & Company, NewYork, London.
 
Fletcher, D. & Wagstaff, C.R.D. (2009). "Organizational psychology in elite sport: Its emergence, application and future". Psychology of Sport and Exercise. Vol. 10(4): 427–434.
 
Fox, A. (2010). Choking- its causes and how to minimize its effects. In: Fox, A. editors. Tennis: Winning the mental match. 1esed. California, Kindle Edition. P: 52-69.
 
Hammond, D.C. (2005). "Neurofeedback with anxiety and affective disorders". Child adolesc psychiatric clin. Vol. 14:105-123.
 
Hammond, D.C. (2006). "What is neurofeedback"? J of neurotherapy. Vol. 10 (4):25-36.
 
Hepler, T.J. (2015). "Decision-making in Sport under Mental and Physical Stress". IJKSS. Vol. 3 (4):79-83.
 
Jackson, R.C., Ashford, K.J. & Norsworthy, G. (2006). "Attentional focus, dispositional reinvestment, and skilled motor performance under pressure". J Sport Exercise Psy. Vol. 28 (1):49-68.
 
Kim, J., Mo Lee, H., Jong Kim, W., Park, H.J., Woon Kim, S., Hwan Moon, D., Woo, M. & Tennant, L.K. (2008). "Neural Correlates of Pre-Performance Routines in Expert and Novice Archers". Neurosci Lett. Vol. 445(3): 236-241.
 
Landers, D.M., Petruzzello, S.J., Salazar, W., Crews, D.J., Kubitz, K.A., Gannon, T.L. & Han, M. (1991). "The influence of electrocortical biofeedback on performance in pre-elite archers". Med Sci Sports Exerc. Vol. 23 (1):123-9.
 
Lewis B.P. & Linder D.E. (1997). "Thinking about choking? Attentional processes and paradoxical performance". Pers Soc Psychol. Vol. 23 (1):937-44.
 
Masters, R.S.W. (1992). "Knowledge, knerves and know-how: The role of explicit versus implicit knowledge in the breakdown of a complex motor skill under pressure". The British Psychological Society. Vol. 83 (3): 343-358.
 
Mc. Morris, T. (2004). Acquisition & performance of sports skills. Translated by Hemayattalab R., Ghasemi A. Bamdad ketab, Tehran. P: 188.
 
Mikicin1, M., Orzechowski, G., Jurewicz, K., Paluch, K., Kowalczyk, M. & Wrobel, A. (2015). "Brain-training for physical performance: a study of EEG-neurofeedback and alpha relaxation training in athletes". Acta Neurobiol Experimentals. Vol. 75:434–445.
 
Moore, N.C. (2000). "A review of EEG biofeedback treatment of anxiety disorders". Clin Electroencephalogr. Vol. 31(1):1-6.
 
Noel, P.K., Jackson, R.C. & Ashford, K.J. (2015). "Reinvestment, task complexity and decision making under pressure in basketball". Psychology of Sport and Exercise. Vol. 20: 11–19.
 
Otten, M. (2009). "Choking vs. Clutch performance: a study of sport performance under pressure". J Sport Exercise Psy. Vol. 31 (3):583-601.
 
Paul, M., Ganesan, S., Sandhu, J.S. & Simon, J.V. (2012). "Effect of sensory Motor Rhythm neurofeedback on Physiological, Electro-Encephalografic Measures and Performance of Archery players". Ibonsina J Med Bs. Vol. 4 (2):32-39.
 
Raymond, J., Sajid, I., Parkinson, L.A., & Gruzelier, J.H. (2005). "Biofeedback and Dance Performance: A Preliminary Investigation". APPL PSYCHOPHYS BIOF. Vol. 30 (1):64-73.
 
Rostami, R., Sadeghi, H., Allah Karami, K., Nosrat Abadi, M. & Salamati, P. (2012). "The Effects of Neurofeedback on the Improvement of Rifle Shooters' Performance". Journal of Neurotherapy. Vol. 16:264–269.
 
Schmidt, R.A. & Lee, T.D. (2005). Motor control and learning: a behavioral emphasis. 4st Ed, Translated by Hemayattalab R., Ghasemi A. Elm va harkat, Tehran. P: 114-21, 294-307.
 
Strack, B.W., Linden, M.K. & Wilson, V.S. (2011). Biofeedback & Neurofeedback Applications in Sport Psychology. P: 204-206.
 
Swann, C., Crust, L., Jackman, P., Vella, S.A., Allen, M.S. & Keegan, R. (2016). Performing under pressure: Exploring the psychological state underlying clutch performance in sport. SPORT SCI. P: 1-9.
 
Tanaka, Y. & Sekiya, H. (2010). "The Relationships between Psychological/ Physiological Changes and Behavioral/Performance Changes of a Golf Putting Task under Pressure". Int J Sport Psychol. Vol. 8 (3):83-94.
 
Thompson, T., Steffert, T., Ros, T., Leach, J. & Gruzelier, J. (2008). "EEG Applications for Sport and Performance". Methods. Vol. 45:279-288.
 
Vernon, D.J. (2005). "Can neurofeedback training enhance performance? An evaluation of evidence with implications for future research". APPL PSYCHOPHYS BIOF. Vol. 30 (4):347-364.
 
Wallace, H.M., Baumeister, R.F. & Vohs, K.D. (2005). "Audience support and choking under pressure: A home disadvantage"? J Sports Sci. Vol. 23 (4):427-38.
 
Wang, J. (2002). Developing and testing an integrated model of choking under pressure in sport. PhD. dissertation. Australia. Melbourne: Victoria University.
 
Worthy, D.A., Markman, A.B. & Maddox, W.T. (2009). "Choking and excelling under pressure in experienced classifiers". AP&P. Vol. 71 (4):924-35.