Neuropsychology

In collaboration with Payame Noor University and Iran Neuropsychology Association

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Editorial Board

Publication Ethics

Indexing and Abstracting

FAQ

Peer Review Process

Journal Metrics

A Comparative Study Effectiveness of Metacognitive Therapy with Neurofeedback Training on Anxiety Symptoms, Emotion Regulation and Brain wave activity in Female Students with Social Anxiety Disorder (Single Subject Study)

Document Type : Original article

Authors

1 MA of Clinical Psychology, Ferdowsi University of mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

4 MD, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Metacognitive therapy and Neurofeedback training on Anxiety Symptoms, Emotion Regulation and Brain waves activity in Female Students with Social Anxiety Disorder. Method: 5 students with diagnosis of SAD were selected from Ferdowsi and Farhangian universities of Mashhad by volunteer sampling method and using SCID-I and SPIN, peered and randomly assigned to the MCT and neurofeedback groups. 8‌session per week for MCT and 16‌sessions 3‌times per week for neurofeedback was performed. Participants completed the Emotion Regulation questionnaire in the baseline, the end of the treatment and follow-up. Conner's Inventory was answered 2‌times within the treatment and brain waves activity was recorded in the neurofeedback group before and after the treatment. The revised graphs and Percent recovery was used for data analysis. Findings: the effectiveness of both treatments was positive and significant in SAD's symptoms and participants' recovery was continued during follow up, but the effectiveness of both treatments for the Emotion Regulation was not significant and only one of the MCT subjects had a significant effect. Also the subjects of the neurofeedback group experienced a normal alpha waves and F3 and F4 areas after treating. Conclusion: In sum, the results indicate the positive effect of metacognitive therapy and neurofeedback on SAD and brain waves of subjects, but in Emotion Regulation, the effect of these treatments was not significant.

Keywords

References
بهادری، م؛ جهان بخش، م؛ کجباف، م و فرامرزی، س. (1391). اثربخشی درمان فراشناختی بر باورهای فراشناختی و اعتمادشناختی در بیماران مبتلا به اختلال هراس اجتماعی. مجله روانشناسی بالینی. 4(1)، 41-33.
پور ابراهیمی، م؛ امیرتیموری، ر و بنی اسدی، ح. (1394). اثربخشی درمان فراشناختی، نوروفیدبک و فلووکسامین بر میزان اضطراب، افسردگی و نشانه های افراد مبتلا به اختلال وسواسی- جبری. مجله اندیشه و رفتار، 10(38)، 47-37.
حسنی، ج و کدیور، پ. (1392). تعیین و روایی نسخه فارسی پرسشنامه راهبردهای فرآیندی نظم‌جویی هیجان. فصلنامه اندازه گیری تربیتی، 14، 146-111.
سلمانی، ب؛ حسنی، ج؛ کرمی، غ. و محمدخانی، ش. (1392). اثربخشی درمان فراشناختی در سندرم شناختی/توجهی (CAS) و راهبردهای نظم جویی شناختی هیجان (CER) بیماران مبتلا به اختلال اضطراب فراگیر (GAD). مجله علوم رفتاری. 7(2)، 254-245
شفیعی سنگ آتش، س؛ رفیعی نیا، پ و نجفی، م. (1391). اثربخشی درمان فراشناختی بر اضطراب و مولفه های فراشناختی مبتلایان به اختلال اضطراب فراگیر. مجله روانشناسی بالینی. 4(4)، 30-19.
  عبدی، ر. (1382). سوگیری تعبیر در افراد دارای اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی. پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد روانشناسی بالینی، انیسیتوی روانپزشکی تهران، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران.
غیور کاظمی، ف؛ سپهری شاملو، ز؛ مشهدی، ع؛ غنائی چمن آباد، ع و پاسالار، ف. (1395). مقایسه اثربخشی فراشناخت‌درمانی و آموزش نوروفیدبک بر باورهای فراشناختی و اضطراب در دختران با اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی (مطالعه تک آزمودنی). فصلنامه روانشناسی شناختی، 4(1-2)، 30-19.
محمدخانی، پ؛ جهانی، ع و تمنائی فر، ش. (1384). مصاحبه بالینی ساختاریافته برای اختلالات دی اس ام. چاپ چهارم. تهران: انتشارات فرادید
محمدلو، س؛ غرائی، ب؛ لواسانی، ف  و گوهری، م. (1392). بررسی ارتباط بین سیستم های فعال ساز و بازداری رفتار، دشواری در تنظیم هیجانی و فراشناخت با نگرانی. مجله علمی-پژوهشی پژوهشهای علوم شناختی و رفتاری. 3(2 و 5)، 100-85.
مشهدی، ع؛ قاسم پور، ع؛ اکبری، ا؛ ایل بیگی، ر و حسن زاده، ش. (1392). نقش حساسیت اضطرابی و تنظیم هیجانی در پیش بینی اضطراب اجتماعی دانشجویان. دانش و پژوهش در روان شناسی کاربردی. 14(2 و 52)، 100-90.
نائینیان، م؛ باباپور، ج؛ گروسی فرشی، ت؛ شعیری، م و رستمی، ر. (1391). مقایسه تاثیر آموزش نوروفیدبک و دارودرمانی بر کاهش نشانه های اضطراب و کیفیت زندگی بیماران مبتلا به اختلال اضطراب فراگیر. فصلنامه روانشناسی بالینی و شخصیت دانشگاه شاهد. 19(7)، 14-1.
ولز، آ. (1391). فراشناخت‌درمانی برای اضطراب و افسردگی. ترجمه مهدی اکبری، ابوالفضل محمدی، حسن حمیدپور و زهرا اندوز. تهران: انتشارات ارجمند. (تاریخ انتشار اثر به زبان اصلی: 2009) .
یوسفی، ف؛ شریعتی، ک و همتی ثابت، ا. (1396). مقایسه اثربخشی روش‌های درمانی نوروفیدبک و کاهش استرس مبتنی بر حضور ذهن بر اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی. مجله شناخت، 4(1)، 65-51.
 
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnosticand Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub
Bakhshayesh, A. R., Hänsch, S., Wyschkon, A., Rezai, M. J., & Esser, G. (2011). Neurofeedback in ADHD: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 20(9), 481.
Bazanova, O. M., & Aftanas, L. I. (2010). Individual EEG alpha activity analysis for enhancement neurofeedback efficiency: two case studies. Journal of Neurotherapy, 14(3), 244-253.
Beijesh, A.R. (2012). Mindfullness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) for Social Anxiety Disorder. International Journal of PsychosocialResearch, 44-48
Blalock, D. V., Kashdan, T. B., & Farmer, A. S. (2016). Trait and daily emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40(3), 416-425.
Bolea, A. S. (2010). Neurofeedback treatment of chronic inpatient schizophrenia. Journal of Neurotherapy, 14(1), 47-54.
Budzynski, T. H., Budzynski, H. K., Evans, J. R., & Abarbanel, A. (Eds.). (2009). Introduction to quantitative EEG and neurofeedback: Advanced theory and applications. Academic Press.
Cheon, E. J., Koo, B. H., & Choi, J. H. (2016). The efficacy of neurofeedback in patients with major depressive disorder: An open labeled prospective study. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, 41(1), 103-110.
Coan, J. A., & Allen, J. J. (2004). Frontal EEG asymmetry as a moderator and mediator of emotion. Biological psychology, 67(1-2), 7-50.
Coben, R., & Padolsky, I. (2007). Assessment-guided neurofeedback for autistic spectrum disorder. Journal of Neurotherapy, 11(1), 5-23.
Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. R., Churchill, L. E., Sherwood, A., Weisler, R. H., & Foa, E. (2000). Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN): New self-rating scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 176(4), 379-386.
Cowart, M. J., & Ollendick, T. H. (2011). Attention training in socially anxious children: a multiple baseline design analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(7), 972-977.
Davidson, J. R., Miner, C. M., De Veaugh-Geiss, J., Tupler, L. A., Colket, J. T., & Potts, N. L. S. (1997). The brief social phobia scale: a psychometric evaluation. Psychological medicine, 27(1), 161-166.
Emmert, K., Breimhorst, M., Bauermann, T., Birklein, F., Rebhorn, C., Van De Ville, D., & Haller, S. (2017). Active pain coping is associated with the response in real-time fMRI neurofeedback during pain. Brain imaging and behavior, 11(3), 712-721.
Evans, J. R. (Ed.). (2007). Handbook of neurofeedback: dynamics and clinical applications. CRC Press.
First, M. B; Spitzer, R. L; Gibbon, M. & Williams, J. B. (1997). User's guidefor the Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders SCIDI: clinician version. American Psychiatric Pub.
Gross, J. J. (2013). Emotion regulation: taking stock and moving forward. Emotion, 13(3), 359–365
Gross, J.J., & John, O.P. (2003). Individual difference in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348-362.
Hagen, R., Hjemdal, O., Solem, S., Kennair, L. E. O., Nordahl, H. M., Fisher, P., & Wells, A. (2017). Metacognitive therapy for depression in adults: A waiting list randomized controlled trial with six months follow-up. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 31.
Hammond, D. C. (2010). LENS Neurofeedback Treatment of Anger: Preliminary Reports. Journal of Neurotherapy, 14(2), 162-169.
Harrewijn, A., Van der Molen, M. J. W., & Westenberg, P. M. (2016). Putative EEG measures of social anxiety: Comparing frontal alpha asymmetry and delta–beta cross-frequency correlation. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 16(6), 1086-1098.
Hill RW, Castro E. Healing young brains. The neurofeedback solution. Charlottesville, VA: Hampton Roads Publishing Company; 2009.
Hofmann, S. G. (2007). Cognitive factors that maintain social anxiety disorder: A comprehensive model and its treatment implications. Cognitive behaviour therapy, 36(4), 193-209.
Howell D. C. (2010). Statistical Methods for Psychology. Seventh Edition, Wadsworth: Cengage Learning.
Jazaieri, H., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2015). The role of emotion and emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Current psychiatry reports, 17(1), 531-539.
John, O. O., & Gross, J. J. (2004). Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: Personality processes, individual differences, and life span development. Journal of Personality, 72, 1301- 1334.
Kouijzer, M. E., van Schie, H. T., de Moor, J. M., Gerrits, B. J., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2010). Neurofeedback treatment in autism. Preliminary findings in behavioral, cognitive, and neurophysiological functioning. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 4(3), 386-399.
Lakshmi, J., Sudhir, P. M., Sharma, M. P., & Math, S. B. (2016). Effectiveness of metacognitive therapy in patients with social anxiety disorder: A pilot investigation. Indian journal of psychological medicine, 38(5), 466.
LeDoux, J. E., & Pine, D. S. (2016). Using neuroscience to help understand fear and anxiety: a two-system framework. American journal of psychiatry, 173(11), 1083-1093.
Mann, C. A., Lubar, J. F., Zimmerman, A. W., Miller, C. A., & Muenchen, R. A. (1992). Quantitative analysis of EEG in boys with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder: Controlled study with clinical implications. Pediatric neurology, 8(1), 30-36.
Masterpasqua, F., & Healey, K. N. (2003). Neurofeedback in Psychological Practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34(6), 652.
McEvoy, P. M., Erceg-Hurn, D. M., Anderson, R. A., Campbell, B. N., Swan, A., Saulsman, L. M., ... & Nathan, P. R. (2015). Group metacognitive therapy for repetitive negative thinking in primary and non-primary generalized anxiety disorder: An effectiveness trial. Journal of affective disorders, 175, 124-132.
Monastra, V. J., Monastra, D. M., & George, S. (2002). The effects of stimulant therapy, EEG biofeedback, and parenting style on the primary symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, 27(4), 231-249.
Moore, N. C. (2005). The neurotherapy of anxiety disorders. Journal of Adult Development, 12(2-3), 147-154.
Moore, N.C., (2000). A Review of EEG Biofeedback Treatment of Anxiety Disorders. Clinical Electroencephalography, 31(1), 1-6.
Moscovitch, D. A., Santesso, D. L., Miskovic, V., McCabe, R. E., Antony, M. M., & Schmidt, L. A. (2011). Frontal EEG asymmetry and symptom response to cognitive behavioral therapy in patients with social anxiety disorder. Biological Psychology, 87(3), 379-385.
Nordahl, H., Nordahl, H. M., Hjemdal, O., & Wells, A. (2017). Cognitive and metacognitive predictors of symptom improvement following treatment for social anxiety disorder: A secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 24(6), 1221-1227.
Nordahl, H., Plummer, A., & Wells, A. (2017). Predictors of Biased Self-perception in Individuals with High Social Anxiety: The Effect of Self-consciousness in the Private and Public Self Domains. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 1126.
Rusch, S., Westermann, S., & Lincoln, T. M. (2012). Specificity of emotion regulation deficits in social anxiety: An internet study. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 85(3), 268-277.
Schwartz, M. S., & Andrasik, F. (Eds.). (2017). Biofeedback: A practitioner's guide. Guilford Publications.
Segal, Z. V. (2010). Mindfulness and the therapeutic relationship. Guilford Press.
Smith, P. N., & Sams, M. W. (2006). Neurofeedback with juvenile offenders: A pilot study in the use of QEEG-based and analog-based remedial neurofeedback training. Journal of Neurotherapy, 9(3), 87-99.
Thibodeau, R., Jorgensen, R. S., & Kim, S. (2006). Depression, anxiety, and resting frontal EEG asymmetry: a meta-analytic review. Journal of abnormal psychology, 115(4), 715.
 Tsai, C.F., Wang, S.J., Juang, K.D., and Fuh, J.L. (2009). Use of the Chinese (Taiwan) version of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) among early adolescents in rural areas: reliability and validity study. J Chin Med Assoc, 72(8):422-429
Van Lutterveld, R., Houlihan, S. D., Pal, P., Sacchet, M. D., McFarlane-Blake, C., Patel, P. R., ... & Brewer, J. A. (2017). Source-space EEG neurofeedback links subjective experience with brain activity during effortless awareness meditation. NeuroImage, 151, 117-127.
Vernon, D., Egner, T., Cooper, N., Compton, T., Neilands, C., Sheri, A., & Gruzelier, J. (2003). The effect of training distinct neurofeedback protocols on aspects of cognitive performance. International journal of psychophysiology, 47(1), 75-85.
Wang, M., & Reid, D. (2011). Virtual reality in pediatric neurorehabilitation: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism and cerebral palsy. Neuroepidemiology, 36(1), 2-18.
Wells, A. (2007). Cognition about cognition: Metacognitive therapy and change in generalized anxiety disorder and social phobia. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 14(1), 18-25.
Wells, A., & King P. (2006). Meta-cognitive therapy for generalize anxiety disorder: an open trial. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 37(3), 206-12.
Wells, A., & Simons, M. (2009). Metacognitive therapy. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wells, A., Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P., Ludgate, J., Hackmann, A., & Gelder, M. (2016). Social Phobia: The Role of In-Situation Safety Behaviors in Maintaining Anxiety and Negative Beliefs–Republished Article. Behavior therapy, 47(5), 669-674.
Wenzel, A., & Jager-Hyman, S. (2014). Social Anxiety Disorder and Its Relation to Clinical Syndromes in Adulthood. In Social Anxiety (Third Edition) (pp. 227-251).
Neuropsychology
Volume 4, Issue 12 - Serial Number 12
June 2018
Pages 77-100
Files
Share
How to cite
Statistics