In collaboration with Payame Noor University and Iran Neuropsychology Association

Document Type : Original article

Authors

1 . Ph.D. Student of Psychology of Health, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Associate Professor of Clinical Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Aim: The purpose of this study was the comparison of difficulty in emotion regulation and craving based on the sensitivity of brain-behavioral systems and levels of loneliness. Method: In this study, Factorial design of nonequivalent groups were used. The study population consisted of all women with addiction in Kerman who referred to clinics and treatment centers during 2017. The initial research sample included 580 people who were selected by convenience method. Groups were defined according to the loneliness and brain-behavioral systems, that included each group between 21 and 24 subjects. Data were collected using the Craving Beliefs Questionnaire, Jackson's Five Factor Questionnaire, difficulty in emotion regulation Scale and Loneliness Scale. For data analysis were used multivariate analysis of variance (factorial two-way) and Tukey's post hoc test. Findings: The findings showed that the main effect of behavioral brain systems on the difficulty in emotion regulation and craving is significant, but the main effect of loneliness on the difficulty in emotion regulation and craving is not significant. The interactive effect of loneliness and brain-behavioral systems was significant on the difficulty in emotion regulation and craving. Among the groups based on the severity of the activity of the three brain-behavioral systems, the highest rates of craving were in the high FFFS group and the lowest in the low FFFS. Conclusion: In sum, the effect of loneliness on the difficulty in emotion regulation and craving is exacerbated and significant that the interactive effect of loneliness and the high FFFS be investigated.

Keywords

آزادفلاح، پ. (1379). ارتباط فعالیت سیستم­­های مغزی / رفتاری و وقایع زندگی با تغییرات ایمنی شناختی در سطح ایمونوگلوبولین. رساله دکتری دانشگاه تربیت مدرس.
اژه­ای، ج؛ غلامعلی­لواسانی، م و ارمی، ح. (1394). مقایسه­ تنظیم هیجان، میان افراد داری سوءمصرف مواد و عادی. مجله روانشناسی، 19 (2)، 137- 146.
حسنی، ج؛ صالحی، س و رسولی­آزاد، م. (1391). خصوصیات روان­سنجی پرسش‌نامه پنج عاملی جکسون: مقیاس­ های نظریه تجدید­نظر شده حساسیت به تقویت. پژوهش در سلامت روان­شناختی، 6(3)، 60-73.
رحمانیان، م؛ میرجعفری، الف و حسنی، ج. (1385). رابطه وسوسه مصرف مواد و سوگیری توجه: مقایسه افراد وابسته به موادافیونی، مبتلا به عود و ترک کرده. مجله روانپزشکی و روانشناسی بالینی ایران، 12، 116-222.
 زنجیران، ش؛ کیانی، ل؛ زارع، م و شایقان، ز. (1394). اثربخشی معنادرمانی گروهی بر احساس تنهایی زنان سالمند مقیم سرای سالمندان. دانش و پژوهش در روان­شناسی کاربردی، 3 (61)، 60-67.
شرق، ع؛ شکیبی، ع؛ نیساری، ر و آلیلو، ل. (1390). بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر عود اعتیاد از دیدگاه معتادین مراجعه کننده به مراکز ترک اعتیاد استان آذربایجان غربی. مجله پزشکی ارومیه، ۲۲ (۲): ۱۲۹-۱۳۶.
عزیزی، ع؛ میرزایی، آ و شمس، ج. (1389). بررسی رابطه تحمل آشفتگی و تنظیم هیجانی با میزان وابستگی دانشجویان به سیگار. مجله حکیم، 13 (1)، 11-17.
قربانی، الف. (1394). مروری بر متغیرهای گرایش زنان به سوءمصرف مواد مخدر و پیامدهای آن. فصلنامه سلامت اجتماعی و اعتیاد، دوره 2 (7)، 151-175.
قمرانی، الف؛ یارمحمدیان، الف؛ معصومی، س و مستاجران، م. (1394). اثربخشی آموزش مدل پردازش اطلاعات اجتماعی بر کیفیت دوستی، احساس تنهایی و صمیمیت اجتماعی دانش­آموزان نارساخوان. پژوهش­های روان­شناسی اجتماعی، 18، 56- 74.
میرز. لاورنس اس؛ گامست. گلن؛ و گارینو. ا. جی. (2006). پژوهش چندمتغیری کاربردی (طرح و تفسیر). (ترجمه­ حسن پاشا شریفی و همکاران، 1391). چاپ دوم، تهران: انتشارات رشد.
 
Abasi I, & Mohammadkhani, P. (2016). Family Risk Factors Among Women with Addiction-Related Problems: An Integrative Review. International journal of high risk behaviors & addiction, 5(2):27-71
Aguilar de Arcos, F., Verdejo-Garcia, A., Ceverino, A., Montanez-Pareja, M., Lopez- Juarez, E., Sanchez-Barrera, M., Lopez-Jimenez, A., Perez-Garcia, M., PEPSA Team. (2008). Dysregulation of emotional response in current and abstinent heroin users: negative heightening and positive blunting. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 198, 159–166.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: Fifth Edition. Washington, DC London, England.
Asselmann, E., Wittchen, H-U., Lieb, R., Höfler, M. & Beesdo-Baum, K. (2014). Associations of fearful spells and panic attacks with incident anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: A 10-year prospectivelongitudinal community study of adolescents and young adults. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 55, 8-14.
 Bijttebier, P., Beck, I., Claes, L. & Vandereycken, W. (2009). Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory as a framework for research on personality–psychopathology associations. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 421–430
Boivin, M., Hymel, S., & Bukowski, W. M. (1995). The roles of social withdrawal, peer rejection, and victimization by peers in predicting loneliness and depressed mood in childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 765−785.
Cacioppo, J. T., Ernst, J. M., Burleson, M. H., McClintock, M. K., Malarkey, W. B., Hawkley L. C., Kowalewski, R. B., Paulsen, A., Hobson, J. A., Hugdahl, K., Spiegel, D., & Berntson, G. G. (2000). Lonely traits and concomitant physiological processes: The MacArthur social neuroscience studies. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 35(2-3),143-54.
Chang, E. C., Kahle, E. R., Yu, E. A., & Hirsch, J. K. (2014). Behavioral Inhibition System and Behavioral Activation System (BIS/BAS) motives and loneliness as predictors of eating disturbances in female college students: Interpersonal context matters. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 33, 250–269.
Cheek, J. M., & Busch, C. M. (1981). The influence of shyness on loneliness in a new situation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7, 572–577.
Cheetham A., Allen, N.B., Yucel, M., & Lubman, D. I. (2010). The role of affective dysregulation in drug addiction. Clinical psychology review, 30, 621–634
Clark, D. M. T., & Loxton, N. J. (2012). Fear, psychological acceptance, job demands and employee work engagement: An integrative moderated meditation model. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 893–897.
Clark, D. M. T., Loxton, N. J. & Tobin, S. J. (2015). Multiple mediators of reward and punishment sensitivity on loneliness. Personality and Individual Differences, 72, 101–106.
Dallas, T., David, W., & Julie, K. (2010). Staley behavioral neuroscience of drug addiction (Eds) d.w.self: j.k. staley Gottschalk, (392 p. 26).illus.
Depue, R. A., & Collins, P. F. (1999). Neurobiology of the structure of personality: dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion [Review]. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 22(3), 491–517.
Dorard, G., Berthoz, S., Phan, O., Corcos, M., & Bungener, C. (2008). Affect dysregulation in cannabis abusers: a study in adolescents and young adults. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 17, 274–282.
Elman, I., Karlsgodt, K. H., & Gastfriend, D. R., (2001). Gender differences in cocaine craving among non-treatment-seeking individuals with cocaine dependence. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 27, 193–202.
Fatseas, M., Serre, F., Alexandre, J-M., Debrabant, R., Auriacombe, M. & Swendsen, J. (2015). Craving and substance use among patients with alcohol, tobacco, cannabis or heroin addiction: a comparison of substance- and person-specific cues. Addiction, 110, 1035- 1042.
Franken, I. H. A. (2002). Behavioral approach system (BAS) sensitivity predicts alcohol craving. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 349−355.
Gratz, K. L. (2007). Targeting emotion dysregulation in the treatment of self-injury. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 1091–1103.
Gratz, K. L., & Tull, M. T. (2010). Emotion regulation as a mechanism of change in acceptance and mindfulness-based treatments. In R. A. Baer (Ed.), Assessing mindfulness and acceptance: Illuminating the processes of change (pp. 107–134). Oakland, CA: New
Gratz K. L., & Roemer, L., (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment, 26, 41–54.
Gray, J. A., & McNaughton, N. (2000). The neuropsychology of anxiety: An inquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 Heinrich, L. M. & Gullone, E. (2006). The clinical significance of loneliness: A literature review. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 695–718.
Hone-Blanchet, A., Ciraulo, A. D., Pascual-Leone, A. & Fecteau, S. (2015). Noninvasive brain stimulation to suppress craving in substance use disorders: review of human evidence and methodological considerations for future work. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 59,184-200.
Jackson, C. J. (2009). Jackson-5 scales of revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (r-RST) and their application to dysfunctional real world outcomes. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 556–569.
Kambouropoulos, N., & Staiger, P. K. (2004). Reactivity to alcohol-related cues: Relationship among cue type, motivational processes, and personality. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18, 275-283.
Kimbrel, N. A. (2008). A model of the development and maintenance of generalized social phobia. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 592–612.
Loxton, N. J., & Dawe, S. (2001). Alcohol abuse and dysfunctional eating in adolescent girls: The influence of individual differences in sensitivity to reward and punishment. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29, 455–462.
 Luminet, O., de Sousa Uva, M.C., Fantini, C. & deTimary, P. (2016). The association between depression and craving in alcohol dependency is moderated by gender and by alexithymia factors. Psychiatry Research, 239, 28–38.
Markarian, S. A., Pickett, S. M. Deveson, D. F. & Kanona, B. B. (2013). A model of BIS/BAS sensitivity, emotion regulation difficulties, and depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in relation to sleep quality. Psychiatry Research, 210, 281–286.
Mowlaie, M., Abolghasemi, A. & Aghababaei, N. (2016). Pathological narcissism, brain behavioral systems and tendency to substance abuse: The mediating role of self-control. Personality and Individual Differences, 88, 247–250.
Nikmanesh, Z., Kazemi, Y. & Khosravi, M. (2015). Role of Feeling of Loneliness and Emotion Regulation Difficulty on Drug Abuse. International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, 5(4), 185-91.
Pickett, S. M., Bardeen, J. R., & Orcutt, H. K. (2011). Experiential avoidance as a moderator of the relationship between behavioral inhibition system sensitivity and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 1038–1045.
Pickett, S. M., Lodis, C. S., Parkhill, M. R., & Orcutt, H. K. (2012). Personality and experiential avoidance: a model of anxietysensitivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 246–250.
Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (1993). The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive- sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Research Reviews, 18(3), 247–291.
Rokach, A. (2002). Loneliness and Drug Use in Young Adults. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 10, 237-254.
Saladin M. E., Gray, K. M., Carpenter, M. J., Larowe, S. D., Desantis, S. M., & Upadhyaya, H. P. (2012). Gender differences in craving and cue reactivity to smoking and negative affect/stress cues. The American journal on addictions, 21, 210–220
Serre, F., Fatseas, M., Swendsen, J., & Auriacombe, M. (2015). Ecological momentary assessment in the investigation of craving and substance use in daily life: A systematic review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 148, 1–20.
Shadur, J. M., & Lejuez, C. W. (2015). Adolescent substance use and comorbid psychopathology: emotion regulation deficits as a transdiagnostic risk factor. Current addiction reports, 2(4), 354-363.
Thorberg, F.A. & Lyvers, M. (2010) "Attachment in relation to affect regulation and interpersonal functioning among substance use disorder inpatients. Addiction research and theory, 18 (4), 464-478.
Verheul, R., van den Brink, W., & Geerlings, P. E. T. E. R. (1999). A three-pathway psychobiological model of craving for alcohol. Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire), 34(2), 197-222.
Weiss, R. F., Boyer, J. L., Lombardo, J. P., & Stich, M. H. (1973). Altruistic drive and altruistic reinforcement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25, 390–400.
Yu, J., Zhang, S., Epstein, D.H., Fang, Y., Shi, J., Qin, H., Yao, S., Le Foll, B., & Lu, L., (2007). Gender and stimulus difference in cue-induced responses in abstinent heroinusers. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 86, 485–492
Zinbarg, R. E., & Lira Yoon, K. (2008). RST and clinical disorders: Anxiety and depression. In P. J. Corr (Ed.), The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of personality (pp. 360–397). Cambridge University Press.
Zisserson, R. N., & Palfai, T. P. (2007). Behavioral activation system (BAS) sensitivity and reactivity to alcohol cues among hazardous drinkers. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 2178-218