Document Type : Original article
Authors
- Farideh Ramezani Moghadam Arani 1
- Mohammad Ali Besharat 2
- Mohammad Ahmadvand Shahverdi 3
- Mahsa Haeri 4
1 PhD, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 Professor Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
3 MA in General Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
4 MA in Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
Introduction: Substance abuse disorder is a chronic disease which has adverse effects on various psychological, social and physical aspects of individuals' lives. In this respect, examining the psychological variables associated with substance abuse disorder can help to better understand this disorder and effectively manage and reduce opioid craving in patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the moderating role of early maladaptive schemas in the relationship between brain activation and inhibition systems; and opioid craving. Method: In this descriptive-correlational study, a sample of 150 male patients with substance abuse disorder were selected by purposive sampling method and considering exclusion and inclusion criteria. The participants were asked to fill out the short form of Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-SF), Behavioral Activation and Inhibition Systems Scale (BAS/BIS), and Heroin Craving Questionnaire (HCQ-45). Stepwise regression was used to analyze the data. Results: Results indicated that brain activation and inhibition systems were respectively positively and negatively associated with opioid craving (p<.05). Additionally, early maladaptive schemas were found to be positively correlated with craving (p<.01). No moderating role was found regarding the early maladaptive schemas in the relationship between brain activation and inhibition systems; and opioid craving. Conclusion: According to the findings, brain activation and inhibition systems are one of the predicting factors of the opioid craving. Thus, the present study suggests that brain activation and inhibition systems should be taken into account in developing intervention and relapse prevention programs.
Keywords
آهی، ق. ؛ محمدی‌فر، م. ؛ و بشارت، م. ع (1386). «پایایی و اعتبار فرم کوتاه پرسشنامه طرحواره یانگ». مجله روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، 3، 20-5.
اوژند، ح. ؛ آزاد فلاح، پ. و رسول‌زاده طباطبایی، ک (1395). «بررسی نقش سیستم‌های مغزی رفتاری با عود اعتیاد». فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی دانشکده پزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی درمانی شهید بهشتی، 40 (۲)، 57-54.
بداقی، ا. ؛ حسنی، ج.و مرادی، ع (1395). فصلنامه علمی - پژوهشی عصب‌روانشناسی، 2(6)، 9-26.
عالمی‌خواه، م. ؛ فرید حسینی، ف. ؛ رجایی، ع. ؛ رسولی‌آزاد، م. و کردی، ح (۱۳۹۲). «مقایسه فعالیت سیستم‌های مغزی - رفتاری وابستگان به مت‌آمفتامین با افراد بهنجار؛ بر اساس نظریه تجدیدنظرشده حساسیت به تقویت». مجله اصول بهداشت روانی، سال ۱۵ (۱)، ۳۷۸-۳۸۷.
عبدالهی، ر (۱۳۸۵). «رابطه سیستم‌های بازداری/ فعال‌سازی رفتاری با سوگیری حافظه آشکار و ناآشکار در افراد افسرده». مجله مطالعات روانشناختی، 1، 17-37.
Ball, S. A (2007). »Comparing individual therapies for personality disordered opioid dependent patients«. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21, 305-321.
Ball, S. A; Cobb-Richardson, P; Connolly, A. J; Bujosa, C. T. O’Neall. & Thomas, W (2005). »Substance abuse and personality disorders in homelessdrop-in center clients: symptom severity and psychotherapy retention in arandomized clinical trial«. Journal of Comprehensive Psychiatry, 5, 371-379.
Barr, P. B; Salvatore, J. E; Wetherill, L; Anokhin, A; Chan, G; Edenberg, H. J. & Schuckit, M (2020). »A Family-Based Genome Wide Association Study of Externalizing Behaviors«. Behavior Genetics, 1-9.
Barazandeh, H; Kissane, D. W; Saeedi, N. & Gordon, M (2016). »A systematic review of the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and borderline personality disorder/traits«. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 130-139.
Bijttebier, P; Beck, I; Claes, L. & Vandereycken, W (2009). »Gray’s reinforcement sensitivity theory as a framework for research on personality–psychopathology associations«. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 421-430.
Bowirrat,A. & Oscar-Berman, M (2005). »Relationship between dopaminergic neurotransmission, alcoholism, and reward deficiency syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics«. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics,132B, 29-37.
Brotchie, J; Meyer, C; Copello, A; Kidney, R. & Waller, G (2004). »Cognitiverepresentations in alcohol and opiate abuse: The role of core beliefs. British«. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 337-342.
Brummett, B. R; Wade J; Rivera-Mindt M. & Cecero J (2007). »Attachment style, early maladaptive schemas, coping self-efficacy, therapy alliance and their influence on addiction severity in methadanemaintenance treatment«. Fordbam University, College of psychology, 18-82.
Carver, C.S. & White, T. L (1994). »Behavioral Inhibition, Behavioral Activation, and Affective Responses to Impending Reward and Punishment: the BIS/BAS Scales«. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319-333.
Dissabandara, L.O; Loxton, N. J; Dias, S. R; Dodd, P. R; Daglish, M. & Stadlin, A. (2014). »Dependent heroin use and associated risky behaviour: The role of rash impulsiveness and reward sensitivity«. Addictive Behaviors, 39(1), 71–76.
Dubey, C; Arora, M; Gupta, S. & Kumar, B (2010). »Five factor correlates: A comparison of abusers and non-substance abusers«. Indian Journal of Applied Psychology, 1, 107-114.
Ekhtiari, H. & Jillson, I (2008). »Prevalence of Opioid Abuse in Iran«. Quarterly Journal of Addiction, 18, 123 -126.
Fowles, D .C (2001). »Biological variables in psychopathology: a psychobiological perspective. In H. E. Adams & P. B. Sutker, Comprehensive Handbook of psychopathology«. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. 85-141.
Fowles, D. C (1980). »The three arousal model: Implications of Gray’s two-factor learning theory for heart rate, electrodermal activity, and psychopathy«. Psychophysiology. Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 87-104.
Franken, I. H. A (2002). »Behavioral approach system (BAS) sensitivity predicts alcohol craving«. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 349-355.
Franken, I. H. A (2002). »Behavioral approach system (BAS) sensitivity predicts alcohol craving«. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 349-355.
Franken, I. H. A. & Muris, P (2006). »BIS/BAS personality characteristics and college students’ substance use«. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 1497-1503.
Gaffey, K. J (2009). »Child maltreatment experiences and romantic relationship functioning: The role of emotion dysregulation and early maladaptive schemas«. Doctoral dissertation, Miami University.
Genovese, J. E. C. & Wallace, D (2007). »Rewardsensitivity and substance abuse in middle school andhigh school students«. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 168, 465-469.
Glantz, M. D. & Hartel, C. R (2007). Drug Abuse: Origins & Interventions. Translated by: Mohamadi M, Rahnejat M, Parsa N, et al. Tehran: Studies and Research Center of Iran Drug Control Headquarters.
Gray, J. A (1993). Framework for a taxonomy of psychiatric disorder. In S. van Goozen, N. van de Poll, & J. A. Sergeant (Eds), Emotions: essays on emotion theory). New Yersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. 29-59.
Gray, J. A. & Mc-Naughton, N (2000). The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septohippocampap system (2nd Ed). New-York: Oxford University Press.
Gunnarsson, M; Gustavsson, P; Tengstrdm, A; Franck, J. & Fahlke, C (2008). »Personality traits and their association with substance use among adolescents«. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 356-360.
Heinz, A. J; Epstein, D. H; Schroeder, J. R; Singleton, E. G; Heishman, S. J .& Preston, K. L (2006). »Heroin and cocaine craving and use during treatment: Measurement validation and potential relationships«. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 31,355-364.
Hinnant, J. B; Erath, S. A; Tu, K. M. El. & Sheikh, M (2016). »Permissive parenting, deviant peeraffiliations, and delinquent behavior in adolescence: the moderating role of sympatheticnervous system reactivity«. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17, 114-128.
Hinnant, J. B; Forman-Alberit, A. B; Freedman, A; Byrnes, L. & Degnan, K. A (2016). »Approach behavior and sympathetic nervous system reactivity predict substance use in young adults«. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 105, 35-38.
Hundt, N. E; Kimbrel, N. A; Mitchell, J. T. & Nelson Gray, R. O (2008). »High BAS, but not low BIS,predicts externalizing symptoms in adults«. Personalityand Individual Differences, 44, 563-573.
Johnson, S. L; Turner, R. J. & Iwata, N (2003). »BIS/BAS levels and psychiatric disorder: An epidemiological study«. Journal psychopathology and behavioral Assessment, 25, 25-36.
Jones, C. M. & McCance-Katz, E. F (2019). »Co-occurring substance use and mental disorders among adults with opioid use disorder«. Drug and alcohol dependence, 197, 78-82.
Kaufman, M. J (2001). »Brain imaging in substance abuse: research, clinical, and forensic applications«. American Journal of Neurorology, 22, 1230-1231.
Kay, J. & Tasman, A (2006). Essentials of Psychiatry. John Wiley & Sons.
Kimbrel, N. A; Nelson Gray, R. O & Mitchell, J. T (2007). »Reinforcement sensitivity and maternal style as predictors of psychopathology«. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 1139-1149.
Kim-Spoon, J; Deater-Deckard, K. Holmes, C; Lee, J; Chiu, P. & King-Casas, B (2016). »Behavioral and neural inhibitory control moderates the effects of reward sensitivity on adolescent substance use«. Neuropsychologia, 91, 318- 326.
Khosravi, S; Ebrahimi, M; Shayan, A; Havasian, M. R. & Jamshidi, F (2017). »Investigation of early maladaptive schemas in patients with bipolar disorder compared to healthy individuals«. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 9(6), 771.
Kosravani, V. Seidisarouei. & Alvani, A. (2016). »Early maladaptive schemas, behavioral inhibition system, behavioral approach system, and defense styles in natural drug abusers«. Polish Annuals of Medicine, 23, 6-14.
Matthys, W; Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J.& Schutter, D. J. L. G (2013). »The neurobiology of oppositionaldefiant disorder and conduct disorder: altered functioning in three mental domains«. Dev. Psychopathol, 25(1), 193–207.
Nathan, A; Kimbrel, N. A; Rosemary, O. Nelson, Gray; John, T.& Mitchell J. T (2007). »Reinforcement sensitivity and maternal style as predictors of psychopathology«. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 1139-1149.
Li, Y; Qiao, L. ; Sun, J. ; Wei, D; Li, W; Qiu, J.& et al (2014). »Gender-specific neuroanatomical basis of behavioral inhibition/approach systems (BIS/BAS) in a large sample of young adults a voxel-based morphometric investigation«. Behav Brain Res; 274:400-8.
O’Connor, R. M; Stewart, S. H. & Watt, M. C (2009). »Distinguishing BAS risk for university student’s drinking, smoking, and gambling behaviors«. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 514-519.
Patricia, B; Ilse, B; Laurence, C. & Walter V (2009). »Grays Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory as a framework for research on personality-psychopathology association«. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 421-430.
Riso, L. P. ; Toit, P. L. D. ; Stein, DJ; Young, J. E (2013). In: Cognitive Schemas and Core Beliefs in Psychological Problems. Washington: APA.
Riso, P. L (2007). »Cognitive schemas and core beliefs in psychological problems: a scientist-practitioner guide«. American Psychological Association. 42, 54-67.
Roper, L. ; Dickson, J. M. ; Tinwell, C. ; Booth, P. G. & McGuire, J (2010). »Maladaptive cognitive schemas in alcohol dependence: Changes associated with a brief residential abstinence program«. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34, 207–215.
Rutter, M (2002). Substance use and abuse: causal pathways considerations. In M. Rutter. & E. Taylor (Eds), Child and adolescent psychiatry: modern approaches. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific. 455-462.
Samkhaniyani, E. ; Khalatbari, J. & Arkiyan F (2013). »The relationship between the disconnection and rejection domain of early maladaptive schemas with Defense mechanisms in individuals with gender identity disorder«. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 10, 436–440.
Schmidt, N. B. ; Joiner, T. E. ; Young, J. E. & Telch, M. J (1995). »The schema questionnaire: Investigation of psychometric properties and the hierarchical structure of a measure of maladaptive schemas«. Journal of Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 295-321.
Serowik, K. L. & Orsillo, S. M (2019). »The relationship between substance use, experiential avoidance, and personally meaningful experiences«. Substance use & misuse, 54(11), 1834-1844.
Shaghaghy, F. ; Saffarinia, M. ; Iranpoor, M. & Soltanynejad, A (2011). »The relationship of early maladaptive schemas, attributional styles and learned helplessness among addicted and non-addicted men«. Addiction & health, 3(1-2), 45.
Shorey, R. C. ; Gawrysiak, M. J. ; Elmquist, J. ; Brem, M; Anderson, S. & Stuart, G. L (2017). »Experiential avoidance, distress tolerance, and substance use cravings among adults in residential treatment for substance use disorders«. Journal of addictive diseases, 36(3), 151-157.
Shorey, R. C. ; Stuart, G. L & Anderson, S (2012). »The early maladaptive schemas of an opioid-dependent sample of treatment seeking young adults: A descriptive investigation«. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 42, 271-278.
Shorey, R. C. ; Stuart, G. L. & Anderson, S (2013). »Early maladaptive schemas among young adult male substance abusers: A comparison with a non-clinical group«. Journal of substance abuse treatment, 44(5), 522-527.
Simons, J. S. ; Dvorak, R. D. & Batien, B. D (2008). »Methamphetamine use in a rural college population:Associations with marijuana use, sensitivity to punishment,and sensitivity to reward«. Psychology of AddictiveBehaviors, 22, 444-449.
Simons, J. S. ; Dvorak, R. D. & Lau-Barraco, C (2009). »Behavioral inhibition and activationsystems: Differences in substance use expectancy organization and activation inmemory«. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 23(2), 315–328.
Stenason, L. & Vernon, P. A (2016). »The Dark Triad, reinforcement sensitivity and substance use«. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 59-63.
Tiffany, S. T. ; Fiels, L; Singelton, E. Haertzen, C. & Henningfield, J. E (1993). »Manuscript in preparation. The development of a cocaine craving questionnaire«. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 34, 19-28.
Vlierberghe, LV. ; Braet, C. ; Bosmans, G. Rosseel, Y. & Bogels, S (2010). »Maladaptive schemas and psychopatology: On the utility of Young's schema theory in youth«. Journal of Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34, 316-32.
Waller, G. ; Meyer, C. & Ohanian, V (2001). »Psychometric properties of the long and short versions of the Young Schema Questionnaire: Core beliefs among bulimic and comparison women«. Journal of Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 137-147.
Yohn, S. E. ; Galbraith, J. ; Calipari, E. S. & Conn, P. J (2019). »Shared Behavioral and Neurocircuitry Disruptions in Drug Addiction, Obesity, and Binge Eating Disorder: Focus on Group I mGluRs in the Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway«. ACS chemical neuroscience, 10(5), 2125-2143.
Young, J. E. & Brown, G (1994). »Young schemquestionnaire«. Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach, 2, 63-76.
Young, J. E. ; Klosko, J. & Weishaar, M. E (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. New York: Guilford Press.
Zamirinejad, S. ; Hojjat, S. K. ; Moslem, A. ; MoghaddamHosseini, V. & Akaberi, A (2018). »Predicting the risk of opioid use disorder based on early maladaptive schemas«. American journal of men's health, 12(2), 202-209.
Zisserson, R. N. & Palfai, T. P (2007). »Behavior activation system (BAS) sensitivity andreactivityalcohol cues among hazardous drinkers«. Addictive Behaviors, 32(10), 2178–2186.
)