Document Type : Original article
Authors
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of verbal self-instruction on cognitive functioning (inhibition, working memory, and set shifting) of ADHD children. Method: To this end, 40 children with ADHD were selected purposefully from among the clients of Sanandaj Psychological Clinics and were randomly categorized in experiment and control groups. The experimental group received 12 sessions of training in self-instruction, but the control group was kept in waiting-list. Child Symptom Inventory (CSI-4), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Victoria Stroop Color-Word test, and Letter-Number Span test were administered before and after the intervention in both control and experimental groups. Findings: Analysis of Covariance showed that self-instruction had significant effect on inhibition (reaction time and error interference of Stroop test) and working memory (Letter-Number Span test) of Children with ADHD (p
Keywords
Barkley, R. A. (1994). Impaired delayed responding: A unified theory of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In DK Routh (Ed). Disruptive behavior disorders in childhood. New York: Plenum press.##Barkley, R. A. (1997). ADHD and nature of self-control. New York: Guilford Press.##Barkley, R. A. (1997). "Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention and executive functions: counstructing a unifying theory of ADHD". Psychological Bulletin. 121: 65-94.##Barkley, R. A. (2003). ADHD in children, adolescence and adults: Diagnosis, assessment and treatment. Papers presented at 5th annual National ADHD Conference. st. Louis, MO.##Barkley, R. A.; Fischer, M.; Smallish, L. & Fletcher, K. (2002). "The persistence of attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder into young adulthood as a function of reporting source and definition of disorder". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 111: 279–289.##Biederman, J.; Faraone, S.; Milberger, S.; Guite, J.; Mick, E.; Chen, L. et al. (1996). "A prospective 4-year follow-up study of attention-deficit hyperactivity and related disorders". Archives of General Psychiatry, 53: 437-446.##Claude, D. & Firestone, P. (1995). "The development of ADHD boys: A 12 year follow-up". Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science. 27: 226-249.##Dallnic, A.; Smith, S. W.; Brank, E. M. & Penfield, R. D. (2006). "Classroom-based cognitive-behavioral intervention to prevent aggression: Efficiency and social validity". Journal of School Psychology. 44: 123-139.##Dowson, J.H.; Mc Lean, A.; Bazanis, E.; Toone, B.; Young, et al. (2004). "Impaired spatial wprking memory in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: comparasion with performance in adults with borderline personality disorder and in control subjects". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 11 (1): 45-54.##Faraone, S.V.; Biederman, J.; Spencer, T.; Wilnes, T.; Seidman, L.J.; Mick, E. et al (2000). "Attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in adults: An overview". Biological Psychology, 48: 9-20.##Geurts, H. M.; Verte, O.; Oosterlaan, J.; Roeyeres, H.; Sergeant, J. A. (2004). "How specific are executive functioning deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45: 836-854.##Ghallagher, R. & Balder, J. (2001). "The diagnosis and neuropsychological assessment of adult attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: scientific study and practical guidelines". Annual New York Academic science, 931: 148-171.##Hashemi, T.; Hekmati, I.; Machinchi, N. & Rezapour, Y. (2011). The effectiveness of self-instruction training in improvement of ADHD symptoms. 4th internatioal Conference of Cognitive scienc.##Johnson, M.H. (2005). Developmental cognitive neuroscience (2nd edit). U.S.A., U.K & Australia: Blackwell publishing Ltd.##Lahey, B. B.; Pelham, W. E.; Stein, M. A.; Loney, J.; Trapani, C.; Nugent, K. et al. (1998). "Validity of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder for younger children". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 37 (7), 695-702.##Lara, C.; Fayyad, J.; Graaf, R.; Kessler, R. C.; Aguilar-Gaxiola, S.; Angermeyer, M. et al (2009). "Childhood Predictors of Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Results from the World Health Organization World, Mental Health Survey Initiative". Biological Psychiatry, 65:46–54.##Lezak, M.D.; Howieson, D.B. & Loring, D.W. (2004). "Neuropsychological assessment (4th Ed)". New York: Oxford University Press.##Liebert, R.M. & Spiegler, M.D. (1990). "Personality: an introduction to theory and research,. Sixth edition". Brooks-Cole press, California.##Marchetta, N.D.J.; Hurks, P. P.M.; Krabbendam, L. & Jolles, J. (2008). "Interference Control, Working Memory, Concept Shifting, and Verbal Fluency in Adults with Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)". Neuropsychology. 22 (1): 74-84.##Meichenbaum, D.H. (1986). Cognitive-behavioral modification: helping people to change (3rd ed). New York: Pergamon Press.##Miyake, A.; Friedman, N.P. et al (2000). "The Unitary and Diversity of Executive Function and Their Contribution to Complex Frontal Lobe Tasks. A Latent Variable Analysis". Cognitive Psychology 41: 49-100.##Pennington, B. F. & Ozzonoff, S. (1996). "Executive function and developmental psychopathology". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry Allied Disciplines, 37: 51-87.##Russell J. (1997). Autism as an executive disorder. Oxford: Oxford University Press.##Shapiro, E.S. & Cole, C.L. (1994). Behavior chang in the classroom: self-management interventions. New York: Guilford Press.##Spreen, O. & Strauss, E. (1998). A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests (2nd ed). Oxford University Press, Inc.##Verte, S.; Geurts, H. M.; Roeyers, H.; Oosterlaan, J. & Sergent, J.A. (2006). "The relationship of working memory, inhibition, and response variability in children psychopathology". Neuroscience Methods, 151: 5-14.##Young, S.; Morris, R.; Toone, B.; & Tyson, C. (2006). "Spatial working memory and stategy formation in adults diagnosed with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder". Personality and Individual difference. 41: 653-661.##