با همکاری مشترک دانشگاه پیام نور و انجمن عصب روان‌شناسی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکترای کنترل حرکتی، دانشگاه تهران. ایران.

2 دانشیار، دانشگاه تهران. ایران.

3 استادیار، دانشگاه تهران. ایران.

چکیده

مقدمه: شنود هیجانی اطلاعاتی است که مشاهده­گر از طریق دیدن و شنیدن واکنش­های هیجانی شخص ثالث (مربی) در مقابل فرد دیگر (الگو) دریافت می­کند. به نظر می­رسد یکی از سازوکارهای مسئول این امر نورون‌های آینه­ای باشد اما شیوه اثرگذاری شنود هیجانی بر فعالیت این دسته از نورون­ها روشن نیست. لذا هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی تأثیر شنود هیجانی از الگو بر فعالیت نورون‌های آینه­ای (سرکوب ریتم میو) بود. روش: بدین منظور 22 ورزشکار مبتدی راست­دست (میانگین سنی 10/1±69/20) به‌صورت داوطلبانه در پژوهش حاضر شرکت کردند. این شرکت­کنندگان شاهد سه فیلم ویدئویی آموزش پرتاب آزاد بودند که در آن واکنش هیجانی (مثبت، خنثی و منفی) مربی و الگو نسبت به اجرای الگو نیز به نمایش درآمده بود. با استفاده از دستگاه الکتروآنسفالوگرام چهار ثبت امواج مغزی از شرکت­کنندگان به عمل آمد: یک ثبت پایه با چشمان باز که بیانگر فعالیت نورون‌های آینه­ای در حالت استراحت بود و سه ثبت حین شنود هیجانی مثبت، خنثی و منفی در سه ناحیه C3، C4 و Cz. یافته­ها: نتایج تحلیل واریانس درون­گروهی 3×3 نشان داد ریتم میو حین هر سه حالت شنود هیجانی و در هر سه منطقه مرکزی سرکوب شد (001/0 pنتیجه­گیری: بدین ترتیب یافته­ها همخوان با فرضیه جاذبه در خصوص ارتباط هیجانات منفی و نیز فرضیه نیمکره راست بوده و به نظر می­رسد شنود هیجانی فعالیت نورون‌های آینه­ای را تعدیل می­کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Emotional Eavesdropping of Model on Mirror Neurons Activity in Novice Athletes

نویسندگان [English]

  • Elham Hatami shahmir 1
  • Mahdi Shahbazi 2
  • Shahzad Tahmasebi boroujeni 3
  • Ali akbar Jaberi moghaddam 3
  • Elham Shirzad 3

1 P.h.D student of motor control, Tehran University, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Tehran University, Iran.

3 Assistant Professor, Tehran University, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Emotional eavesdropping is information that observer receives by listening and watching emotional reactions directed by third party (as coach) to another (model). It seems mirror neurons system is one mechanism responsible for this but ways in which emotional eavesdropping discharges this neurons are not clear. So the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of emotional eavesdropping of model on mirror neurons activity (mu rhythm suppression). Methods: For this reason, 22 right hand novice athletes (average age 20/69±1/10) participate voluntary in this research. These participants observed three instructional video of free throw in basketball that also display emotional reactions (positive, neutral, negative) of coach and model about model performance. Four Brain waves records were done by electroencephalographic assessments: one base record with open eyes as index of mirror neurons activity in rest and three records during positive, neutral and negative emotional eavesdropping in three regions C3, C4 and Cz. Findings: 3×3 within subjects ANOVA findings demonstrated that mu rhythm suppressed during three emotional eavesdropping in three central regions. Post hoc results showed more significant mu rhythm suppression during negative emotional eavesdropping in C4 than other conditions. Conclusion: thus, these findings confirm valance hypothesis about negative emotion and right hemisphere hypothesis and it seems emotional eavesdropping modulate mirror neurons activity.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Electroencephalography
  • Emotional Eavesdropping
  • Observational Learning
  • Mirror neurons
علی­پور، ا و آگاه هریس، م (1386). «بررسی قابلیت اعتماد و اعتبار پرسشنامه دست­برتری ادینبورگ در ایران». مجله علوم شناختی، دوره ششم، شماره 22: 133-117.
 
مکوند  ­حسینی،  ش.؛  آزادفلاح،  پ.؛  رسول­زاده طباطبایی، ک و قنادیان ­لادانی، ح (1386). ناقرینگی فعالیت نواحی پیشین و پسین قشر مغز در ارتباط با هیجان، پژوهش در سلامت روان‌شناختی، دوره 1، شماره 2، 24-17.
 
Acharya, S. & Shukla, S. (2012). "Mirror neurons: Enigma of the metaphysical modular brain. Journal of Natural Science". Biology and Medicine, 3(2), 118
 
Aguinaga, A., Lopez Ramire, M., Alanis Garza, A., Baltazar, R. & Zamudio, V. (2016). "Emotional analysis thru EEG signals, to monitor high performance athletes". InImpact: The Journal of Innovation Impact, 6(1), 16.
 
Al-Abood, S.A., Davids, K. & Bennett, S. J. (2001). "Specificity of task constraints and effects of visual demonstrations and verbal instructions in directing learners' search during skill acquisition". Journal of Motor Behavior, 33(3), 295-305.
 
Alves, N.T., Fukusima, S.S. & Aznar-Casanova, J. A. (2008). "Models of brain asymmetry in emotional processing". Psychology & Neuroscience, 1(1), 63.
 
Bandura, A. (1977). "Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change". Psychological review, 84(2), 191.
 
Bandura, A. (1986). "The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory". Journal of social and clinical psychology, 4(3), 359-373.
 
Bernier, R., Dawson, G., Webb, S. & Murias, M. (2007). "EEG mu rhythm and imitation impairments in individuals with autism spectrum disorder". Brain and cognition, 64(3), 228-237.
 
Bien, N., Roebroeck, A., Goebel, R. & Sack, A. T. (2009). "The brain's intention to imitate: the neurobiology of intentional versus automatic imitation". Cerebral Cortex, 19(10), 2338-2351.
 
Bradley, M.M. & Lang, P.J. (1999). Affective norms for English words (ANEW): Instruction manual and affective ratings (pp. 1-45). Technical report C-1, the center for research in psychophysiology, University of Florida
 
Brass, M., Ruby, P. & Spengler, S. (2009). "Inhibition of imitative behaviour and social cognition". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 364(1528), 2359-2367.
Chen, X., Pan, Z., Wang, P., Yang, X., Liu, P., You, X. & Yuan, J. (2015). "The integration of facial and vocal cues during emotional change perception: EEG markers". Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, nsv083.
 
Cheng, Y., Yang, C.Y., Lin, C.P., Lee, P.L. & Decety, J. (2008). "The perception of pain in others suppresses somatosensory oscillations: a magnetoencephalography study". Neuroimage, 40(4), 1833-1840.
 
Davis, L. (2012). "The application of attachment theory in the examination of the coach-athlete relationship". (Doctoral dissertation, Loughborough University).
 
De Rosnay, M., Cooper, P.J., Tsigaras, N. & Murray, L. (2006). "Transmission of social anxiety from mother to infant: An experimental study using a social referencing paradigm". Behaviour research and therapy, 44(8), 1165-1175.
 
Enticott, P.G. Harrison, B.A. Arnold, S.L. Nibaldi, K. Segrave, R.A. Fitzgibbon, B.M. & Fitzgerald, P.B. (2012). "Emotional valence modulates putative mirror neuron activity". Neuroscience letters, 508(1), 56-59.
 
Francuz, P. & Zapała, D. (2011). "The suppression of the μ rhythm during the creation of imagery representation of movement". Neuroscience letters, 495(1), 39-43.
 
Hobson, H.M. & Bishop, D.V. (2016). "Mu suppression–A good measure of the human mirror Hickok, G. (2009). The functional neuroanatomy of language". Physics of life reviews, 6(3), 121-143.
 
Hodges, N.J., Williams, A.M., Hayes, S.J. & Breslin, G. (2007). "What is modelled during observational learning"? Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(5), 531-545.
 
Iacoboni, M. (2009). "Imitation, empathy, and mirror neurons". Annual review of psychology, 60, 653-670.
 
Iacoboni, M., Molnar-Szakacs, I., Gallese, V., Buccino, G., Mazziotta, J.C. & Rizzolatti, G. (2005). "Grasping the intentions of others with one's own mirror neuron system". PLoS Biol, 3(3), e79.
 
Jeannerod, M., Arbib, M.A., Rizzolatti, G. & Sakata, H. (1995). "Grasping objects: the cortical mechanisms of visuomotor transformation". Trends in neurosciences, 18(7), 314-320.
 
Kim, J.Y., Park, J.W. & Kim, S.Y. (2016). "Eeg mu rhythms during action observation are modulated by emotional valance". Acta Neuropsychologica, 14(2), 131-140.
 
Koch, G., Versace, V., Bonnì, S., Lupo, F., Gerfo, E.L., Oliveri, M., Liu, T., Pinheiro, A., Zhao, Z., Nestor, P.G., McCarley, R.W. & Niznikiewicz, M.A. (2012). "Emotional cues during simultaneous face and voice processing: electrophysiological insights". PloS one, 7(2), e31001.
 
Lyle, J. (2002). Sports Coaching Concepts; A framework for coaches’ behaviour. Routledge, London.
 
McCullagh, P. & Weiss, M.R. (2001). "Modeling: Considerations for motor skill performance and psychological responses". Handbook of sport psychology, 2, 205-238.
 
Mageau, G.A. & Vallerand, R.J. (2003). "The coach–athlete relationship: A motivational model". Journal of sports science, 21(11), 883-904.
 
Nichols, S.R., Svetlova, M. & Brownell, C.A. (2010). "Toddlers’ understanding of peers’ emotions". The Journal of genetic psychology, 171(1), 35-53.
 
Ogoshi, S., Ogoshi, Y., Momose, S., Takezawa, T. & Mitsuhashi, Y. (2013). "Mu rhythm suppression during the imagination of observed action. In Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)". 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE (pp. 4310-4313). IEEE.
 
Perry, A. & Bentin, S. (2009). "Mirror activity in the human brain while observing hand movements: A comparison between EEG desynchronization in the μ-range and previous fMRI results". Brain research, 1282, 126-132.
 
Repacholi, B.M. & Meltzoff, A.N. (2007). "Emotional eavesdropping: Infants selectively respond to indirect emotional signals". Child development, 78(2), 503-521.
Repacholi, B.M., Meltzoff, A.N., Rowe, H. & Toub, T.S. (2014). "Infant, control thyself: Infants’ integration of multiple social cues to regulate their imitative behavior". Cognitive development, 32, 46-57.
 
Rizzolatti, G. & Craighero, L. (2004). "The mirror-neuron system". Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 27, 169-192.
 
Rizzolatti, G., Fadiga, L., Gallese, V. & Fogassi, L. (1996). "Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions". Cognitive brain research, 3(2), 131-141.
 
Robbins, B.D. (1999). "Emotion, movement and psychological space: A sketching out of the emotions in terms of temporality, spatiality, embodiment, beingwith, and language". Pittsburgh: Duquesne University. Document consulté le, 8.
 
Rodríguez, Á.L., Cheeran, B., Koch, G., Hortobágyi, T. & Del Olmo, M.Á.F. (2014). "The role of mirror neurons in observational motor learning: an integrative review". European Journal of Human Movement, (32), 82-103.
 
Sabate, M., Llanos, C., Enriquez, E. & Rodriguez, M. (2012). "Mu rhythm, visual processing and motor control". Clinical Neurophysiology, 123(3), 550-557.
 
Vaish, A. & Woodward, A. (2010). "Infants use attention but not emotions to predict others’ actions". Infant Behavior and Development, 33(1), 79-87.
 
Urgesi, C., Maieron, M., Avenanti, A., Tidoni, E., Fabbro, F. & Aglioti, S. M. (2010). "Simulating the future of actions in the human corticospinal system". Cerebral Cortex, 20(11), 2511-2521.
Ushioda, T., Watanabe, Y., Sanjo, Y., Yamane, G.Y., Abe, S., Tsuji, Y. & Ishiyama, A. (2012). "Visual and auditory stimuli associated with swallowing activate mirror neurons: a magnetoencephalography study". Dysphagia, 27(4), 504-513.