نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 کارشناس ارشد روانشناسی بالینی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد کرج، کرج، ایران.
2 استاد گروه روانشناسی بالینی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد کرج، کرج، ایران.
3 پزشک و دکترای تخصصی علوم اعصاب شناختی، پژوهشکده علوم شناختی، تهران، ایران.
چکیده
مقدمه: هدف از پژوهش حاضر تعیین اثربخشی آموزش نوروفیدبک بر کاهش میزان پرخاشگری کودکان دچار نقص‌توجه و بیش فعالی بود. روش: روش پژوهش، شبه آزمایشی با پیش‌آزمون، پس‌آزمون و پیگیری دوماهه بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش حاضر، کودکان 14-7 ساله پسر که در سال تحصیلی 94-1393 به مرکز جامع اعصاب و روان‌درمانگران بهجو بودند. از میان آن‌ها تعداد 40 نفر که دچار نقص‌توجه و بیش فعالی بودند به شیوه نمونه‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب و به‌طور تصادفی در دو گروه گواه و آزمایش جای گرفتند. اختلال نقص‌توجه و بیش فعالی با استفاده از فهرست بازبینی مصاحبه بالینی بر اساس راهنمای تشخیصی و آماری اختلال‌های روانی، ویرایش پنجم،2013، مصاحبه تشخیصی توسط روان‌پزشک و آزمون اختلاط دیداری شنیداری استنفورد و ترنر (1995) و آزمون پرخاشگری کودکان شهیم (1385) تشخیص داده شد. آموزش نوروفیدبک با هدف کاهش تتا به بتا با سرکوب تتا و افزایش بتا و ریتم حسی ـ حرکتی در طی ده هفته 30 جلسه هر هفته سه جلسه اجرا شد. کودکان هر دو گروه در مرحله پیش و پس‌آزمون و پیگیری دوماهه مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد مقدار F برای اثر پیش‌آزمون، پس‌آزمون و پیگیری معنا است (001/0P≤)، یعنی بین نمرات پرخاشگری در مراحل سه‌گانه درمانی تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد. نتیجهگیری: یافتههای حاصل از تحلیل واریانس مختلط و آزمون تکرار سنجش نشان داد که تأثیر معنی‌دار درمان نوروفیدبک در کاهش پرخاشگری کلامی، جسمانی و رابطه‌ای ونیز مؤید ثبات این روش درمانی در مرحله پیگیری بود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
The Effectiveness of Neurofeedback Treatment on Aggression Reduction in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
نویسندگان [English]
- Atefeh Baghban Kazerani 1
- Esmat Danesh 2
- Peyman Hasani Abhariyan 3
1 M.A. in Clinical Psychology, Azad University, Karaj, Iran
2 Professor of Clinical Psychology, Azad University, Karaj, Iran
3 Physician and PhD in Cognitive Neuroscience, Karaj, Iran
چکیده [English]
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of neurofeedback treatment on decreasing the aggression of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Method: The study was quasi experimental with pre and posttests as well as treatment. Besides, there was a two months follow up. The statistical population composed of 7 to 12 years old male children, selected from among 80 children who had enrolled at Behjou Psychiatry Clinic in 2014-2015 educational year. Using purposive sampling, 40 children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder were randomly grouped in two control and experimental groups. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder was determined by four instruments including the clinical interviewing review list, based on psychiatric disorders diagnostic and statistical guide, 5th edition, 2013; diagnostic interview with a psychiatrist; Stanford and Turner's audiovisual test; and children's aggression test (Shahim, 2006). Having the goal of theta to beta reduction, beta suppression, theta increase and sensory motor rhythm, Neurofeedback Test was implemented three sessions a week, for ten weeks. Children of both groups were assessed in pre and post-test stages and a two-month follow up. Findings: The results showed that F value is significant for pretest, posttest and follow up (P≤0/001) that indicated there are significant difference among aggression scores. Conclusion: Findings of multi variable covariance analyses suggested that neurofeedback treatment leads to a meaningful improvement in verbal, physical and relational aggression. Overall, the results of this study suggested that educational neurofeedback remedy has a significant effect in reducing the aggression of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Furthermore, the effect of the treatment was the same in the follow up test.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Aggression
- Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
- Neurofeedback
Anderson, P. (2003). "Assessment and Development of Excutive function (EF) during childhood". Child Neuropsychology, 8, 71-82.##APA (2013). "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, DSM-5". Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.##Baker, S.C.; Rogers, R. D.; Owen, A. M.; Frith, C. D.; Dolan, R. J. & et al. (1996). "Neural system engaged by planning: a PET study of the Tower of London task". Human Brain Mapping, 34(6), 515-526##Barkley, R.A. (2006). "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A hand book for diagnosis and treatment. (3rh Ed.)". New York: Guilford press.##Bidwell, L. C.; Mcclernon, F. J. & Kollins, S. H. (2011). "Cognitive enhancers for the treatment af ADHD. Pharmacology, Biochemistery and Behavior, 99, 262-274.##Brown, T. E. (2005). Attention deficit disorder: The unfocused mind in children and adults. New Haven: Yale University press.##Brown. T. E. (2006). "Executive function in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Implications of two conflicting views". International Journal of Disability, Develpoment and Education, 53, 35-46. ##Clarke, A. R.; Barry, R. J.; McCarthy, R. & Selikowitz, M. (2001). "Excess beta activity in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: An atypical electrophysiological group". Psychiatry Research. 103, 205-218.##Coie, J. D. & Dodge, K. A. (1998). Aggression and antisocial behavior. In W. Daman & N. Eisenberg (Eds.). Handbook of child psychology (5th. Ed.) (pp.779-861). New York: Wiley.##Derryberry, D. & Rothbart, M. K. (1997). "Reactive and effortful processes in the organization oftemperament". Develpoment and Psychopathology. 9, 633-652.##Drechsler, R.; Struanb, M.; Doehnert, M.; Heinrich, H.; Steinhausen, H. & Brandeis, D. (2007). "I controlled evaluation of neurofeedback training of slow cortical potentials in children with ADHD". Behavioral and Brain Function.3:35.##Faraone, S. V. & Buitelaar, j. (2009). "Comparing the efficacy of stimulants for ADHD in children and adolescents using meta- analysis". European Child & Adolescent psychiatry, 14 (1), 353-364.##Findling, R. L. (2003). "Treatment of aggression in children. Primary Care Companion". Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 5(6). 5-9.##Fuchs, T.; Birbaumer, N.; Lutzenberger, W.; Gruzelier, J. H. & Kaiser, J. (2003). "Neurofeedback treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children: Acomparison with methylphenidate". Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 28(1), 1-12.##Galland, B. C.; Tripp, E. G. & Taylor, B. J. (2009). "The sleep of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on and off methylphenidate: A matched case-control study". Journal of Sleep Research, 28(1), 1-12.##Gani, C.; Birbaumer, N. & Strehl, U. (2009). "Long term effect after feedback of slow cortical potentials and theta- beta- amplitudes in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder". International Journal of Bioelectromagnetics, 10, 209-232.##Gevensleben, H.; Holl, B.; Albrecht, B.; Schlamp, D.; Kratz, O.; Studer, P.; Wangler, S.; Rothenberger, A.; Moll, G.H. & Heinrich, H. (2009). "Distinct EEG effects related to neurofeedback training in children with ADHD: a randomized controlled trial". Int J Psychophysiol. 19(9): 715–724.##Hanslmayr, S.; Sauseng, P.; Dopplemayr, M.; Schabus, M. & Klimesch, W. (2005). "Increasing individual upper Alpha power by Neurofeedback Improves cognitive performance in human subject". Applied psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 30(1), 1-10.##Jonathan Walker MDa. (2012). "QEEG-Guided Neurofeedback for Anger/ Anger Control Disorder". Publishing models and article dates explained. 88-92.##Leins, U.; Goth, G.; Hinterberger, T.; Klinger, C.; Rumpf, N. & Stehle, U. (2007). "Neurofeedback for children with ADHD: A comparison of SCP and theta/beta protocols". Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. 32, 73-88.##Lubar, J. F.; Shouse, M. N. (1976). "EEG and behavioral changes in a hyperkinetic chil concurrent wittraining of the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR): a preliminary report Biofeedback self-regulation". 1, 3, 293-306.##Lubar, J. F. (2003). "Neurofeedback for the management of attention deficit disorder". In M. S. Shwrts & Anderasik, F. Biofeedback; Practitioners Guide. New York: The Guilford press.##McCarthy, S.; Cranswick, N.; Potts, L.; Taylor, E. & Wong, I. C. (2009). "Mortality associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) drug treatment: A retro-spective cohort study of children, Adolescents and young adults using the general practice research database". Drug Safety, 32, 1089-1096.##Meltzer, I. A.; Negishi, M.; Mayes, L. C. & Constable, R. T. (2007). "Individual differences in EEG theta and alpha dynamics during working memory correlate with Fmri response across subjects". Clinical Neurophysiology, 118, 2419-2436.##Monastra, V. J.; Monastra, D. M. & George, S. (2002). "The effects of stimulant therapy, EEG biofeedback, and parenting style on the primary symptoms of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder". Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 27(4), 231-249.##Monshi Tosi T. (2003). Children behavioral disorder (Persian). Mashhad: Astan Godse Razavi publication.##Nash, J. K. (2000). "Treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with neurotherapy".Clinical Electroence phalo graphy, 31(1), 30-37.##Onton, J.; Delorme, A. & Makeig, S. (2005). "Frontal midline EEG dynamics during working memory". NeuroImage, 27, 341-356.##Posner, M. & Petersen, S. (1990). "The attention system of the human brain". Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13, 25-42.##Quay, H. C. (1997). "Inhibition and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder". Journal Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 7-14.##Rex L. Cannon. (2012). "Investigations in Neuromodulation, Neurofeedback and Applied Neuroscience LORETA Neurofeedback: ODD Reports, Observations, and Findings Associated with Spatial Specific Neurofeedback Training". Journal of Neurotherapy.##Sergeant, J. (2000). "The cognitive-energetic model: An empirical approach to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder". Neuroscience Biobehavioural Review, 24, 7-12.##Sonuga-Barke, E. J. (2003). "The dual pathway model of AD/HD: An elaboration of neuro-developmental characteristics". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 27, 593-604.##Sonuga-Barke, E. J.; Coghill, D.; Wigal, T.; DeBacker, M. & Swanson, J. (2009). "Adverse reactions to methylphenidate treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Structure and associations with clinical characteristics and symptom control". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 19, 683-690.##Sterman, M. B. (1996). "Physiological origins and functional correlates of EEG rhythmic activities: Implications for self-regulation". Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 21, 3-33.##Swanson, J. M. & Castellanos, F. X. (2002). "Biological bases of ADHD: Neuroanatomy genetics, and Pathophysiology". In P. S. Jensen & J. R. Cooper (Eds.), Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: State of the science best practices (pp. 7-20). Kingstone, NJ: Civic Research Institute.##Swanson, J. M. & Castellanos, F. X. (2002). "Biological bases of ADHD: Neuroanatomy genetics, and pathophysiology". In P. S. Jensen & J. R. Cooper (Eds.), Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: State of the science best practices (pp. 7-20). Kingstone, NJ: Civic Research.##Taylor, E.; ASergeant, J.; Asherson, P.; Banaschewski, T.; Buitelaar, J.; Coghill, D.; Danckaerts, M.; Rothenberger, A.; Sonuga-Barke, E.; Steinhausen, H. C. & Zuddas, A. (2004). "European clinical guidelines for hyperkinetic disorder- first upgrade". European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 13, 17-30.##Vernon, D.; Egner. T.; Cooper. N. & et al. (2005). "The effect of training distinct neurofeedback protocols on aspects of cognitive performance". International Journal of Psychophysiology, 47, 75- 85.##
)